Module 3 Nano Bioengineering (2).pptx OF BIO

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1. Nano- Bioengineering Revolutionizing Medicine at the Nano Scale: Where Biology Meets Engineering

2. What is nano ? Nanotechnology - ( science , engineering and technology? )  conducted  at n anoscale ( 1 to 100 nanometers ) Nano can be referred to technologies, materials (particles , objects)

3. Nano-biotechnology – Nano-biotechnology is the application of nanotechnologies in biological fields.  This is the hybrid field of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Engineering ; U ses biological starting materials or biological design principles or has biological or medical applications.

4. Types of nanomaterials Nanomaterials can… O ccur naturally B e produced by human activity either as a product of another activity O n purpose (engineered ) Our focus: engineered nanomaterials as these are designed and integrated into products because of the specific characteristics of the nanomaterial

5. A physical property is any property that is measurable . Physical properties are often referred to as observables . Physical properties of Nanomaterials Size-dependent properties High surface area Optical properties Mechanical properties Electrical properties Thermal properties Nanomaterials often display size-dependent properties, meaning their characteristics can vary based on their size at the nanoscale . For example, quantum effects become more pronounced in nanoscale materials. Nanomaterials have a high surface area-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials. This increased surface area can lead to enhanced reactivity, improved catalytic activity, and increased adsorption capacity. Many nanomaterials exhibit unique optical properties due to quantum confinement effects. For instance, quantum dots can emit light of specific wavelengths depending on their size, making them valuable for applications in imaging, displays, and sensors. Nanomaterials can possess exceptional mechanical properties, such as high strength, flexibility, and resilience. These properties make them suitable for applications in materials science, nanocomposites , and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Some nanomaterials exhibit distinctive electrical properties, such as high conductivity or semiconducting behavior. These properties are essential for applications in electronics, energy storage, and nanoelectronics . Nanomaterials can have altered thermal properties compared to bulk materials. For instance, carbon nanotubes have high thermal conductivity, making them promising for thermal management applications in electronics.

6. A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction ; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity . Chemical properties of Nanomaterials

7. Nanotechnology: Fabrication Types of nanomaterial synthesis methods

8. Production of Nanomaterial- Biological

9. Syntheses of nanomaterial by Microbes Bioreduction : Microbes can act as reducing agents to convert metal ions into nanoparticles. For example, certain bacteria, fungi, and algae can reduce metal salts like silver nitrate or gold chloride to produce silver or gold nanoparticles, respectively. Biomineralization : Microorganisms can facilitate the formation of mineral-based nanoparticles through biomineralization processes. For instance, some bacteria can produce magnetite nanoparticles by oxidizing iron ions in their environment. Extracellular synthesis: Many microbes secrete enzymes or biomolecules that can catalyze the synthesis of nanoparticles outside their cells. This extracellular synthesis method often yields well-dispersed and stable nanoparticles. Intracellular synthesis: In some cases, nanoparticles are synthesized within microbial cells. This intracellular synthesis can be controlled by manipulating the growth conditions or introducing specific genes into the microorganism. Bioaccumulation: Certain microorganisms can accumulate metals or metal ions from their surroundings and convert them into nanoparticle forms. This bioaccumulation process is utilized to produce nanoparticles like selenium or cadmium sulfide. Enzyme-mediated synthesis: Microbial enzymes, such as nitrate reductase or alkaline phosphatase, can be harnessed to catalyze the synthesis of nanoparticles. These enzymes play a crucial role in reducing metal ions and forming nanoscale materials. Genetically engineered microbes: Advances in genetic engineering have enabled researchers to modify microbial strains to enhance their nanoparticle synthesis capabilities. By introducing specific genes or pathways, microbes can be tailored to produce desired nanomaterials efficiently.

10. A mechanistic scheme with graphical representation about the synthesis of metal nanoparticles from microbes

11. Applications