molecular and cell biology lecture 1 one

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotidesNucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA and RNA.

present in body as poly
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.

1. Molecular Cell Biology
and Genetic
Module
(CBG 1103)

2. •OverallAims:
•TheModuleisdesignedto
providemedicalstudentswith
thebasicsofmolecularbiology
andgenetics,withbrief
descriptionof different
mechanismswhichmaycontrol
stabilityandstructureofgenetic
material.Utilizingsome
exampleshelpinginunder
standingthecellularandgenetic
basesofsomediseases.Finally
applyingsuchbasicknowledgein
insolvingclinicalproblems.

3. BY:
Prof. DrDina Sabry
Dr/ShimaaMohsen
Structure and function of
nucleotide, nucleoside

4. ILOs
Studying this topic should enable you to:
1.Identifynucleotidesandnucleosides
nomenclature&structure
2.Listnucleotidesofbiological
importance&theirroles
3.DescribeDNAstructure&Explain
phosphodiesterbondformation

5. Learning outcome 1
Identify nucleotidesand nucleosides
nomenclature & structure

6. Nucleic acid chemistry
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are long
chains of repeated subunits called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides
building blocks of DNA and RNA.
present in body as poly-
nucleotide chain (DNA,RNA ) or
free nucleotides.

7. Nucleotide Structure
1-Nitrogenous base :
2-pentose sugar :
3-phosphate(phosphoric
acid )

8. A-Pentose sugar
Two types of pentose sugar are present:
a-Ribose (present in ribonucleic acid)
b-Deoxyribose(Ribose from which an oxygen
has been removed from carbon 2) (present in
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA)

9. B-Phosphate
•Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
•It attach to C5of ribose by an ester bond

10. C-Nitrogenous bases
We have two family of nitrogenous bases
I-Purine bases: two rings
Adenine:A
Guanine:G
II-Pyrimidine bases: onering
Cytosine: C
Thymine: T (found in DNA)
Uracil: U(found in RNA)

11. Nitrogenous Bases

12. Minor nitrogenous bases
•Other purine
metabolites ,not
usuallyfoundinnucleic
acids,includeXanthine
,Hypoxanthineanduric
acid.

13. Nucleosides
Nucleosides are formed of covalently linking a
base(N1 of pyrimidine and N9 of purine)to
the number 1 carbon of a sugar byN-
glycosidic bond.
Nitrogenous
base
sugar Nucleoside

14. Nucleotides
Nucleotidesareformedwhenoneormore
phosphategroupareattachedtothe5carbon
ofthenucleoside,nucleosidedi-and
triphosphatesarehigh-energycompounds.
Nitrogenous
base
sugar
Phosphoric
group
Nucleotide

15. Nomenclature of Ribonucleotides
Nucleotide Nucleoside Base
Adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP)
Adenosine
diphosphate
(ADP)
Adenylic acid
Adenosine
monopphosphate
(AMP)
AdenosineAdenine
Guanosine
triphosphate
(GTP)
Guanosine
diphosphate
(GDP)
Guanylic acid
Guanosine
monoPhosphate
(GMP)
GuanosineGuanine
Cytidine
Triphosphate
(CTP)
Cytidine
Diphosphate
(CDP)
Cytidylic acid
Cytidine
monoPhosphate
(CMP)
CytidineCytosine
Uridine
triphosphate
UTP))
Uridine
diphosphate
((UDP
Uridylic acid
Uridine
monoPhosphate
(UMP)
Uridine Uracil
IMPInosine Hypoxanthine
XMP Xanthosine Xanthine

16. Nomenclature of Deoxyribonucleotides
Nucleotide Nucleoside Base
DeoxyAdenosine
triphosphate
(dATP)
DeoxyAdenosine
diphosphate
(dADP)
DeoxyAdenylicacid
DeoxyAdenosine
monopphosphate
(dAMP)
DeoxyAdenosineAdenine
DeoxyGuanosine
triphosphate
(dGTP)
DeoxyGuanosine
diphosphate
(dGDP)
DeoxyGuanylicacid
DeoxyGuanosine
monoPhosphate
(dGMP)
DeoxyGuanosineGuanine
DeoxyCytidine
Triphosphate
(dCTP)
DeoxyCytidine
Diphosphate
(dCDP)
DeoxyCytidylicacid
DeoxyCytidine
monoPhosphate
(dCMP)
DeoxyCytidineCytosine
Deoxy
thymidine
triPhosphate
(dTTP)
Deoxy
thymidine
diPhosphate
(dTMP
Deoxythymidylic
acid
Deoxythymidine
monoPhosphate
(dTMP)
Deoxy
thymidine
Thymine

17. Other important
nucleotides
Methyledonner:S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

18. Other important nucleotides
Phosphoadenosine-phospho-sulfate (PAPS): sulphate
donor

19. Cyclic AMP (c.AMP):Second messenger
for hormone
action

20. Learning outcome 2
List nucleotides of biological
importance & their roles

21. Functions of nucleotides
1-Building blocks of RNA and DNA
2-Source of energy : ATP,GTP act as source of
Energy.

22. Functions of nucleotides
3-Mediate action of hormone :
c.AMPand c.GMPare second messenger

23. Functions of nucleotides
4-Co-enzymes: as NAD (hydrogen carrier)
FAD (Hydrogen carrier)
Co-enzyme A (acyl or acetyl groups carrier).

24. Functions of nucleotides
5-Activation of chemical compounds
UDP-glucose synthesis of glycogen.
CDP-choline, CDP-ethanolamine synthesis of
phospholipids.
6-Chemical group donors :
PAPS is a sulfate donor synthesis of sulfolipids.
SAM is a methyl donor transmethylation
reactions .

25. 7-Synthetic Analogue: nucleotides analogues are
prepared by altering the base ring or sugar part.
Anti-gout
Allopurinol(hypoxanthine analogue ) used for
treatment of gout

26. 7-Synthetic Analogue: nucleotides analogues are prepared by altering
the base ring or sugar part.
Anti-cancer
5-flurouracil(pyrimidine analogue):
↓ thymine synthesis ↓ DNA synthesis ↓ growth of cancer cells.

27. This figure represents an example of nucleosides
Where are the followings?
Purine ring
Pyrimidine ring
N-Glycosidicbond
Pentose sugar
Deoxypentosesugar
Answer by yourself

28. Answer by yourself
What is the name of the product at ??????
What is the chemical nature of this product?
What is the function of this product?

29. Test yourself
What is the name of the compound at -------------?
What is the chemical nature of this compound?
What is the function of this compound?