Molecular-structure-of-dna-rna-and-proteins-.pptx

General Biology

1. Molecular structure of dna , rna , and proteins Brought to you by: Dumalag , Erich Duran, Frans Clarence Florida, Marl

2. What is dna ? DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Carries the genetic information Usually double-stranded Have double-helix structure Found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

3. nucleotide bases of dna The nucleotide bases of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These four nucleotide bases are often referred to as the "genetic alphabet" of DNA. They are the building blocks that make up the DNA molecule and play a crucial role in encoding genetic information. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Carries the netic information Usually double-stranded Have double-helix structure Found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

4. What is Rna ? RNA, or ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities in DNA. Is most often single-stranded Different types of RNA exist in cells: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Carries the genetic information Usually double-stranded Have double-helix structure Found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

5. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Carries the genetic information Usually double-stranded Have double-helix structure Found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

6. nucleotide bases of RNA These four nucleotide bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U), are the building blocks of RNA and are used to encode genetic information in RNA molecules. RNA plays a vital role in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, gene regulation, and other biochemical functions within cells. The base pairing in RNA is adenine (A) pairing with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) pairing with guanine (G), similar to DNA but with uracil instead of thymine.

7. messenger Rna ( mrna ) Messenger RNA (mRNA): This is the RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. mRNA is created through a process called transcription, in which a specific gene is copied from the DNA template. The mRNA then carries the genetic code of a particular protein, serving as a blueprint for protein synthesis during translation.

8. ribosomal Rna ( rna ) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNA is a major component of ribosomes, which are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA molecules help in the assembly of ribosomes by combining with specific proteins. They also provide structural stability to the ribosome and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation.

9. Transfer RNA (tRNA) tRNA molecules are responsible for translating the genetic code carried by mRNA into the correct sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule binds to a specific amino acid and recognizes a specific codon on the mRNA through its anticodon sequence, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain. tRNA plays a crucial role in the accurate translation of the genetic code.

10. What is protein? Adenine — is a purine base which forms a component of DNA among other functions and is present in many multivitamins. Function: Adenine is one of the two purine nucleobases used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. In RNA, which is used in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, adenine binds to uracil. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose. It forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Are the most abundant organic molecule of the living system Proteins are nitrogenous macromolecules that are composed of many amino acids Derived from the Greek word proteios , meaning first place

11. Structure of protein

12. Primary structure The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the protein chain. There are 20 different amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins, each distinguished by its side chain. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the unique properties and function of the protein.

13. Secondary structure The secondary structure arises due to interactions between adjacent amino acids within the protein chain. The two most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Alpha helices form a coiled structure, while beta sheets form a flat, extended structure.

14. Tertiary structure The tertiary structure describes the overall three-dimensional arrangement of the protein. It is primarily determined by interactions between amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions contribute to the folding and stabilization of the protein structure.

15. Quaternary structure In some cases, proteins have a quaternary structure, which refers to the arrangement of multiple protein subunits. These subunits can be identical or different and come together to form a functional protein complex. The quaternary structure is stabilized by various interactions, similar to the tertiary structure.

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