Monitor Model of Second Language Acquisition

Monitor Model

1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENIFICENT,  THE MOST MERCIFUL

2. STEPHEN KRASHEN’S MONITOR MODEL (Input Hypothesis: First published in 1978) STEPHEN KRASHEN(1941-)

3. Stephen D. Krashen  (born May 14, 1941) is professor emeritus  at the University of Southern California who moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Education in 1994. He is a linguist, educational researcher, and political activist. Definition of  emeritus / ɪˈmerɪtəs /  : a person retired from professional life but permitted to retain as an honorary title the rank of the last office held

4. STEPHEN KRASHEN’S MONITOR MODEL An Outline: Krashen’s Monitor Model follows the essentials of innatist approach to second language learning. Five hypotheses mentioned below, constitute this model: The acquisition-learning hypothesis The Monitor Hypothesis The Natural order hypothesis The Input Hypothesis The Affective Filter Hypothesis

5. 1. The acquisition-learning hypothesis Adult second language learners develop competence in a second language in two distinct and independent ways : 1. Acquisition : a subconscious process identical in all important ways to the process children utilize in acquiring their first language 2. Learning : a conscious process that results in ‘knowing about’ language; learners concentrate on forms and rules of learning.

6. 2. The monitor hypothesis The acquired system initiates a speaker's utterances and is responsible for spontaneous language use, and intuitive judgment about correctness. The learned system acts as an editor or 'monitor', making minor changes and polishing what the acquired system has produced. Such monitoring takes place only when the speaker/writer has plenty of time, is concerned about producing correct language, and has learned the relevant rules.

7. The monitor hypothesis (continued…) According to him, writing is more conducive to monitor use than speaking because it provides more time to concentrate on the forms and rules of languages.

8. 3. The natural order hypothesis It was based on the finding that, like first language acquisition, second language acquisition unfolds in predictable sequences. The language features that are easiest to state (and thus to learn) are not necessarily the first to be acquired; e.g. the rule for adding an -s to third person singular verbs in the present tense is easy to state, but even some advanced second language speakers fail to apply it in spontaneous conversation. He further claims that the natural order is independent of the order in which rules have been learned in language classes

9. 4. The input hypothesis Krashen states that one acquires language in only one way , i.e. by exposure to “comprehensible input”. If the input contains the forms and structures, just beyond the learner’s current level of competence in the language (what he calls “ i + 1”). “ i ” refers to students’ current level of proficiency “1” refers to the input slightly above the “ i ” level

10. 5. The affective filter hypothesis Affect refers to feelings, motives, needs, attitudes, and emotional states. A learner who is tense, anxious, or bored, may 'filter out' input, making it unavailable for acquisition . The fact that some people who are exposed to large quantities of comprehensible input do not necessarily acquire a language successfully is accounted for by Krashen's affective filter hypothesis. The 'affective filter' is a metaphorical barrier that prevents learners from acquiring language even when appropriate input is available.

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ausubel , D.P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View . New York, NY: Holt. Brown, H. D. (2002). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching . NY: Longman. Ellis, R. 1994: The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1997). SLA research and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1999). Item versus system learning: explaining free variation. Applied Linguistics . 20, 460-80. Gass & Selinker (2008). Second Language Acquisition . London: Routledge . Schumann, J. (1986). Research on the Acculturation Model for Second Language Acquisition. Journal of Multilingual & Multilingual development . 7 (5). pp. 379-392. Schumann, John (1978).  The Pidginization process : a model for second language acquisition . Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers. ISBN 978- 0883770962. OCLC 3203534 Troike , M. (2012). Introducing Second Language Acquisition . London: Cambridge University Press.