Monoclonal antibodies, methods of obtaining and their application in medical practice Interferons, cytokines synthesis and mechanism of actionpptx

Monoclonal antibodies, methods of obtaining and their application in medical practice Interferons, cytokines synthesis and mechanism of action

1. Monoclonal antibodies, methods of obtaining and their application in medical practice Interferons , cytokines synthesis and mechanism of action By Abhishek K umar XF-22-10B

2. Monoclonal antibodies

3. Methods Of Obtaining monoclonal antibodies Hybridoma Technology : Hybridoma technology, developed by Köhler and Milstein in 1975, is the most common method for producing monoclonal antibodies. It involves fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell (isolated from an immunized animal) with a myeloma cell, a type of cancerous B cell that can divide indefinitely. The resulting hybridoma cell line can produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies with the same antigen specificity as the original B cell. Hybridoma cells are typically cultured in vitro, and the supernatant containing the monoclonal antibodies is collected and purified for further use. Phage Display Technology : Phage display technology involves the genetic engineering of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to display antibody fragments on their surface. Libraries of antibody fragments are created by introducing DNA sequences encoding antibody variable regions into bacteriophage genomes. The phage library is then screened against the desired target antigen, and phages displaying antibodies that bind to the antigen are selected. The selected phages can be amplified, and the DNA sequences encoding the antibody fragments can be isolated and cloned to produce monoclonal antibodies.

4. Application in medical practice Therapeutic Applications : Cancer Treatment : Monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer therapy to target specific proteins expressed on cancer cells. They can block growth signals, trigger apoptosis (cell death), or recruit immune cells to destroy cancer cells. Examples include rituximab (targeting CD20 in B-cell lymphoma) and trastuzumab (targeting HER2 in breast cancer). Autoimmune Diseases : mAbs are used to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Examples include adalimumab and infliximab (targeting tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease).

5. Diagnostic Applications : In Vitro Diagnostics : Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests to detect specific antigens or antibodies in patient samples. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. Imaging : Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies can be used for in vivo imaging of tumors and other disease targets. This approach, known as radioimmunoscintigraphy, allows for non-invasive visualization of disease sites. Point-of-Care Testing : Rapid diagnostic tests that utilize monoclonal antibodies are available for detecting infectious diseases such as HIV, malaria, and influenza. These tests provide quick results outside of laboratory settings.

6. Interferons

7. Synthesis of interferons

8. Post-Translational Modifications : Newly synthesized interferon proteins undergo post-translational modifications, including cleavage of signal peptides and glycosylation, to generate mature and functional forms of interferons. These modifications are essential for the stability, secretion, and biological activity of interferon proteins. Secretion and Signaling : Mature interferon proteins are released from the producing cells and act on neighboring cells to induce antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects. Interferons bind to specific cell surface receptors on target cells, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Activation of these pathways results in the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which mediate the biological effects of interferons, including antiviral defense, immune modulation, and inhibition of cell proliferation.

9. Cytokines Cytokines are a broad category of small proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system and regulate immune responses, inflammation, and hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells). They are produced by various cell types, including immune cells (e.g., lymphocytes, macrophages), endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, in response to infection, injury, or other stimuli. Cytokines can be classified into different groups based on their function, including interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factors (TNF), interferons, chemokines, and growth factors. Examples of cytokines include interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Cytokines regulate various aspects of the immune response, including inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling can contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Cytokines are targets for therapeutic intervention in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain cancers. Biologic drugs targeting cytokines, such as TNF-alpha inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, and IL-1 receptor antagonists, are used to treat these conditions.

10. Synthesis of Cytokines

11. Mechanism of Action of Interferons

12. Mechanism of Action of cytokines

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