MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES.pptx

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1. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES MED-707 Clinical Epidemiology Alia Batool (2012-ag-2602)

2. Contents Definition History Brief introduction Characteristics Production Types Examples Applications Side effects

3. What does the word “monoclonal” mean?

4. What are monoclonal antibodies? “An antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules”

5. History 20 th Cent. : Paul Ehrlich ‘Magic bullets’ 1970s: B-cell cancer multiple myeloma was known 1975: George Kohler clonal selection theory by fusion of normal & malignant cells 1988: Greg Winter et al. 1990: Milstein produced the first mAb

6. Introduction Monoclonal antibodies ( mAb .) are identical Antibodies, produced in laboratories from a single clone of immune cells The cloned immune cells are genetically completely identical, so the antibodies produced by them are also identical to one another mAb . Have high specificity, they can recognize and bind to a single antigen binding site They are targeted to a specific antigen and is a key trait that makes them useful in diagnosing & treating diseases

7. Characteristics Homogenous Purity & concentration of specific antibody is higher in mAb . (than polyclonal antibodies) Sensitive to small change in pH Sensitivity to changes in salt concentration

8. Production Mouse vaccinated with specific desired antigen Stimulation of B-cells to produce antibodies against it Removal of spleen Isolation of B cells Fusion of B cells with tumour cells Hybridoma development synthesis of (identical Ab.) mAb . by cloned cells mAb . Collection and purification

9. Types on the basis of origin Chimeric Antibodies Humanized Antibodies

10. examples Alemtuzumab ( Campath ) for the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia Trastuzumab ( Herceptin ) for the treatment of stomach cancer

11. Applications Diagnostic tests Therapeutic uses Cancer treatment Autoimmune diseases

12. Side effects Common side effects: Dizziness, headache, allergies, diarrhea, cough, fever, itching, back pain, insomnia Extreme side effects: Anaphylaxis, hypothyroidism, arterial & venous blood clots, hepatitis, heart failure, anemia, cancer, GIT perforation

13. Criticism Expensive Time consuming More side effects than expected Not too much preferred because of higher specificity