Moraxella

Moraxella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis, diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive properties

1. Moraxella
a true
ophthalmic
pathogen
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2. Introduction
•Gram negative bacteria, rod shaped, coccobacilli, In some case it exist in diplococci
as in Moraxella catarrhalis
•Aerobic, Non motile,
•parasites of the mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
•Named after swiss opthalmologisVictor Morax
Species Disease
M nonliquefaciens found in the upper respiratory tract, especially the nose, and may
be a secondary invader in respiratory infections
M lacunata isolated from the eyes and may cause conjunctivitis in humans
living under conditions of poor hygiene
M urethralis isolated from urine and the female genital tract

3. Moraxella catarrhalis
•Non motile, gram negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus
•cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system,
and joints of humans.
•causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using adhesins.
•M catarrhalis organisms are cocci that morphologically resemble Neisseria cells.

4. Culture
Nonhemolytic colonies ofMoraxella catarrhalison blood agar.
Cultivation 24 hours, 37°C in an aerobic atmosphere enriched with 5% carbon
dioxide.

5. Otitis media
•Inflammation of the middle ear
•The bacteria cause acute otitis meddle ear. his is usually due to inflammation of the
mucous membranes in the nasopharynx
•It is a part of the normal in human cavity and mucosa and nasopharynx
Mode of Transmission:
•By direct contact with droplets and discharges from nose and throat of infected
persons ;
•nosocomial transmission is being increasingly documented

6. Pathogenicity
Infection in adult:
•The M. catarrhalis is manifest itself as a pathogen in the nosocomial setting a rare
but very serous and frequently lethal infection with M. catarrhalis appear to be
endocarditic
•Blaryngitis
•bronchitis and pneumonia

7. Pathogenicity
Infection in the children:
•Meningitis
•Media Otitis
•Pneumonia
•Bronchitis
•Bacteremia

8. Pathogenicity
Middle ear infection
•M. catarrhalis is increasingly recognized as a common cause of acute otitis media,
also known as a middle ear infection, in children.
•Many young children have this bacteria in their noses, and it can sometimes move
into the middle ear, causing infection.

9. Pathogenicity
Pneumonia
•Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs that’s often caused by bacteria.
•While M. catarrhalis typicallydoesn’t cause pneumonia, it can in adults with
weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases.
•People with a lung disease who spend a lot of time in hospitalshave the highest
risk of developing pneumonia due to M. catarrhalis.

10. Pathogenicity
Bronchitis
•Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lungs that’s usually caused by a virus, not
bacteria.
•However, in adults with weakened immune systems or chronic lung conditions, M.
catarrhalis can cause bronchitis.
•Like pneumonia, bronchitis due to M. catarrhalis is most common in adults with
lung conditions in hospitals.
•Both pneumonia and bronchitis produce similar symptoms, the main one being a
cough that produces mucus and often lasts for weeks.
•However, the symptoms of pneumonia are usually more severe.

11. Pathogenicity
Sinus infection
•M. catarrhalis can also cause sinus infections in childrenas well as adults with
weakened immune systems.
•Symptoms of a sinus infection are similar to those of a cold, but tend to get worse
over the course of a week rather than better.
•They can also cause greenish-yellow discharge in your nose, pressure or pain in
your face, and a fever.

12. Pathogenicity
COPD –Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
•COPD refers to a group of lung diseases that worsen over time.
•These include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma, which is
asthma that doesn’t get better with regular treatment.
•The main symptoms of COPD are coughing, wheezing, coughing up mucus, chest
tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing.
•While COPD slowly gets worse over time, infections can speed up the process and
cause serious complications, including death.

13. Pathogenicity
Pink eye
•Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an infection of the outer layer of
your eye.
•M. catarrhalis can cause pink eye in both children and newborns.
Meningitis
•In very rare cases, M. catarrhalis can cause meningitis, especially in newborns.
•Meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges, which are layers of tissue that
surround the brain.
•While most cases of meningitis are preventable with a vaccine, there’s no vaccine
for M. catarrhalis yet.

14. Deterrence/prevention
•universal precaution, good hand hashing and sterilization of instruments and tubes
used intubations , aspiration, or invasiveproduced may reduce or prevent the
nosocomial infection caused by M catarrhalis
•prognosis :prognosis is poor for hospitalized patients with underlying conditions,
especially the following;
•Patients hospitalized for prolonged periods

15. Treatment
•Amoxicillin-clavulanate
•second and third generation oral cephalosporin
•trimethoprim-sulfamethoazole
•Alternatively, azithromycin, diithromycincan be used

16. Moraxella eye infections
•Moraxella is a true ophthalmic pathogen –an eye bug
•M lacunatacauses angular blepharitis
•M liquefaciebscauses central corneal ulcers