Morphological change

linguistics, morphology

1. Morphological Change

2. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure and classification of words and the units that make up words

3. Morphemes The smallest meaningful units of a language.

4. Morpheme & word A morpheme and a word are not equivalent terms. Ex. “coat” – 1 morpheme ( monomorphemic word ) “coats” – 2 morphemes Coat is word and so is coats -s is a morpheme, but it definitely is not a word

5. Two Types of Morpheme Free morphemes – are morphemes that can stand alone ex. phone, play, run Bound morphemes – are meaningful grammatical unit that cannot occur alone and must be attached to another morpheme ex. tele , - er , - ing

6. Free Morpheme a free morpheme may also be a root a root is a morpheme, usually but not always a free morpheme. words can be built by adding morphemes to the root These words are called affixes

7. Kinds of Words Open classes of words ( content words )- are types words that grow in number in a language. Nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs Closed classes of words ( Function words ) – are types of words the growth of which is very limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections

8. Bound morphemes Added bound morphemes are called affixes Types of affixes: Prefix-added before a root ( un -happy) Infix-added inside a root (fan- damn - tastic ) Suffix-added after a root ( happi- ness ) Circumfix -added surrounding the root ( gi - luto - an )

9. Types of bound morphemes A bound morpheme can be classified on the basis of the function it serves Derivational morphemes – are bound morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category (part of speech) of a word. For example: happy → unhappy Both words are adjectives, but the meaning changes . quick → quickness The affix changes both meaning and word class - adjective to a noun.

10. Types of bound morphemes Inflectional morphemes – are bound morphemes that do not change the essential meaning or lexical category of a word. They change grammatical functions. For example: Cat → cats ( -s plural marker) walk → walking ( - ing tense marker)

11. 8 inflectional bound morphemes The plural marker (-s) Both chair s are broken” The possessive (-’s and –s’) “The chair’s leg is broken” The third person, present singular (-s) “He waits” The progressive (- ing ) “He is waiting”

12. 8 inflectional bound morphemes The past tense (- ed ) “He waited” The past participle (-en) “I had eaten” The comparative (- er ) “He was faster” The superlative (- est ) “He was the fastest”

13. Types of Word-Formation Processes Compounding-is creating a word with more than one root Veggie burger Sideburns brunch Acronyms- are words that are formed from the first letter or letters of more than one word NASA LAN

14. Types of Word-Formation Processes Foreign word borrowing French: recipe, route, menu Arabic: sofa, magazine, alcohol Clipping- is deleting a section of a word to create a shortened form Photo from photograph Sculpt from sculpture

15. Types of Word-Formation Processes Blending-is the process of taking two or more words (compounding), clipping parts off one or more of the words, and the combining them Motel ( mot or hot el ); sitcom ( sit uation com edy) Using people’s names Sandwich from John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwhich (1718-1792) Erotic from Eros (Greek god) Trade names Aspirin Pampers, Colgate