Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of Fungi

This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.

1. UNIT-3
MORPHOLOGY , CLASSIFICATION,
CULTIVATION& REPRODUCTION OF
FUNGI
MISS. K. H. PARDESHI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (PHARMACEUTICS)
GES’S SIR DR. MSGCOPER, NASHIK -10

2. INTRODUCTION
Fungi is the plural offungus.
A member of a large group of eukaryoticorganisms.
Familiar asmushrooms.
These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate
from plants, animals, protists andbacteria.
Onemajordifferenceisthatfungalcellshavecellwallsthatcontainchitin,
unlikethecellwallsofplantsandsomeprotists,whichcontaincellulose,
andunlikethecellwallsofbacteria.
The study of fungi is known as MYCOLOGY. Mycology has often been
regarded as a branch of botany, even though it is a separate kingdom in
biological taxonomy.
Genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals
than toplants.

4. Non-motileeukaryoticorganismswhichexistsassaprophytes,parasites.
Possesdifferentiatednucleisurroundedbyanuclearmembrane.
Reproduceeitherbybuddingorbyformingspores.
Nonphotosynthetic(heterotrophic).
Morphologicallymaybeeithersimpleovalcellsorlongtubularseptatehyphaeshowing
truelateralbranching.
Mostfungigrowasthread-likefilamentousmicroscopicstructurescalledhyphae(which
aremicroscopicfilamentsbetween2–10µmindiameteranduptoseveralcentimetersin
length)andwhichcollectivelyformthemycelium(aggregatesofhyphae).
Hyphaecanbeseptate,i.e.,dividedintocompartmentsseparatedbyaseptum,
eachcompartmentcontainingoneormorenuclei,orcanbecoenocytic,i.e.,
lackinghyphalcompartmentalization.
Maybeunicellularormulticellular.
Mostaremicroscopicmoldsoryeasts.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OFFUNGI

6. DIFFERENCE BETWEENFUNGIANDBACTERIA
Characteristics Fungi Bacteria
Celltype Eucaryotic Procaryotic
OptimumpH 4-6 6.5-7.5
Optimumtemperature 25-30
o
C
(saprophytes) 32-
37
o
C (parasites)
32-37
o
C
Cellmembrane Sterolspresent Sterols absent
except
mycoplasm
O
2requirement Strictly aerobic (moulds)
Facultative
anaerobic(Some yeasts)
Aerobic toanaerobic
Lightrequirement None Some photosyntheticgr.
Carbonsource Organic Organic/Inorganic
Conc. of sugar inmedia 4-5% 0.5-1%
Cell wallcomponents Chitin, cellulose orhemicellulose Peptidoglycan
Susceptibilityto
antibiotics
Sensitive to
griseofulvin,
Resistant to
penicillinis,
chloramphenicoletc.
Sensitive to
penicillinis, Resistant
togriseofulvin,
tetracyclinesetc.

7. IMPORTANCE OFFUNGI
They are decomposers and recyclers of nutrient.

9. CLASSIFICATION OFFUNGI
Most fungi reproduce both sexually andasexually.
When environmental conditions are favorable, asexual reproductionoccurs
rapidly.
When unfavorable conditions stress the organism, sexual reproduction
occurs and the offspring have an increased likehood that they will bebetter
suited for theenvironment.
Oomycete’s Zygomycete’s
Lower True Fungi
Aseptate Mycelium

10. CLASSIFICATION OFFUNGI
Most fungi reproduce both sexually andasexually.
When environmental conditions are favorable, asexual reproductionoccurs
rapidly.
When unfavorable conditions stress the organism, sexual reproduction
occurs and the offspring have an increased likehood that they will bebetter
suited for theenvironment.
Sexual Reproduction
Known
(Ascomycete’s&
Bisidomycete’s)
Unknown
(Deuteromycete’s)
Higher True Fungi
SeptateMycelium

11. CLASSIFICATION OFFUNGI
Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into 4
classes:
I.Moulds
II.Yeasts
III.Yeast like fungiand
IV.Dimorphicfungi
Based on their sexual spore formation fungi are divided into 4
classes:
I.Zygomycetes
II.Ascomycetes
III.Basidiomycetes
IV.Dueteromycetes(Fungiimperfecti)

12. DEPENDING ONMORPHOLOGY OF
CELL

13. 1.MOULDS
Fungi which form mycelia are called moulds
or filamentousfungi.
Filaments of fungi are calledhyphae.
Diameter is 2-10μm.
The cell walls containchitin.
Some hyphae may divided by cross sections called
septa
Two types of hyphae: Septate andNon-septate
I.Septate: septa divide the hyphae into distinct,
uninucleateor mulitnucleate cell-likeunits.
II. Nonseptate/coenocytic: does not contain septa
and appear as long, continuous cells with many
nuclei.
Example: Dermatophytes, Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Mucor,Rhizopus

15. 2.YEASTS
Round, oval or elongated, unicellular
fungi
Reproduce by an asexual process called
budding in which the cell develops a
protuberance which enlarges and
eventually separates from the parent
cell
On culture they form smooth,creamy
colonies
Example: Saccharomyces cerevisae,
Cryptococcusneoformans

16. 2.YEASTS
Contains Granular cytoplasm enclosed in cell wall.
Consist oil globule, vacuole, cytoplasm, glycogen and prominent
nucleus and nucleolus
Cell wall composed of –Chitin, (1-10%) Glucan(main structural
component 50-60%), Lipid-Protein (15-23%)
Glucanand Chitin regulate cell division and cell rigidity
Mode of nutrients-Heterotroph, Organotroph, Saprophytic ,Parasitic
Grow best in acidic environment and can tolerate high sugar
concentration and dry condition

18. 3. YEASTLIKEFUNGI
Unicellular (Rounded or Oval)
The bud remains attached to the mother cell and
elongates, followed by repeated budding, forming
chains of elongated chains known as
pseudohyphae.
Example: Candidaalbicans

19. 4. DIMORPHICFUNGI
Mainly pathogenic species exhibit dimorphism i.e. 2 forms ofgrowth
Fungi can grow either as a mould or as ayeast
Mould like forms produce vegetative and aerial mycelliumand Yeast like
forms reproduce bybudding
Dimorphism is temperature and CO
2dependant.
At 37
o
C, the fungus grows yeast like and at 25
o
C it shows mould likegrowth
Example: Blastomycesdermatitidis, Penicilliummarneffei

20. 4. DIMORPHICFUNGI

21. DEPENDING ONSEXUALSPORE
FORMATION

22. 1.ZYGOMYCETE'S
Fungi having non-septate hyphae, forms endogenous asexual spores
(sporangiospores) contained within a sac like structures called
sporangia.
Also produce sexual spores known as oospores andzygospores.
Example: Mucor,Rhizopus.
Form sexual spores within a sac and are calledascospores.
The sac is called asascus.
They form septatehyphae.
Include both yeasts and filamentous fungi e.g. Histoplasm, Candida
etc.
2.ASCOMYCETE’S

24. 3.BASIDIOMYCETE'S
Reproduce sexually and form septatehyphae.
These basidiospores are borne at the tip of the
basidium
Example: Cryptococcusneoformans
Also called as Fungi ImpefeciiorHyphomycetes.
Consist of group of fungi whose sexual phases have notbeen
identified and they form septate hyphae and asexualconidia.
Majority of the pathogenic moulds, yeasts, yeasts like fungi and
dimorphicfungi.
Example: Trichophyton,Epidermophyton
4. DEUTEROMYCETE’S

26. REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce both sexually andasexually.
When environmental conditions are favorable, asexual reproduction
occursrapidly.
When unfavorable conditions stress the organism, sexual reproduction
occurs and the offspring have an increased likehood that they will be
better suited for theenvironment.

28. VEGETATIVEREPRODUCTION
Production of various types ofspores
Fission
Single cell multiply to two new daughter cells.
Rhizomorphs
Hyphae woven to form rope like structure
Under favourable condition, grows into new cell.
Fragmentation
Hyphae dry out and shatter releasing individual cells
that act like spores (athlete’sfoot)
Budding
Small offspring
Sclerotia

30. ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Production of various types ofspores
Sporangiospore
Inside Sporangium Motile Zoospore
(Chyidomycota, Hypochytidomycota, oomycota)
Non-motile Apllanospore
Conidia
Formed at the tip of Supporting Hyphae
Thallic (Septation& Fagmentation)
Blastic(Budding)

32. Arthrospores–formed by segmentation &
condensation ofhyphae
Chlamydospores–Thick walled resting spores
developed by rounding up and thickening of hyphal
segments.
THALLICASEXUALREPRODUCTION

33. Blastospores:Theseare formed by budding from
parent cell, as inyeasts.
BLASTICASEXUALREPRODUCTION

34. SEXUALREPRODUCTION
Occurs via fusion of gamatesand gamatangia
Sexual Reproduction
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

35. It is accumulation of protoplast cell of reproductive
hyphae.
Nuclei from one male and one female fused together
forms Zygosporeand Spermatiawithout fusion
(Spematization)
PLASMOGAMY

36. Two parent nuclei are fused together to form new cell.
Known as Dikaryotes
KARYOGAMY

37. Meiosporeare produced after cell division.
MEIOSIS

38. GROWTH AND NUTRITION
OF FUNGI
(CULTIVATION OFFUNGI)

39. GROWTH
Growth is defined as the irreversible increase in the dry
mass of an organism. It is brought about by an increase
in cell size or number.

40. HOWGROWTHTAKESPLACEINFUNGI?
•Mycelial fungi -extension growth ofhyphae(tip).
•Unicellular fungi (e.g. yeasts) -increase in individual cell
volume.
•Yeast like fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as
chain of elongated budding cells joined end to end
.
•Moulds or filamentous fungi with multiple cells forming
typically a thread-like mass with many branches grows by
branching and tip elongation

41. OPTIMALCONDITIONFORGROWTH
•Presence of water: 80–90% of the fungi
is composed of water by mass, and
requires excess water for absorption due
to the evaporation of internally retent
water.
•Presence of oxygen
•Neutral-acidic pH : Optimum pH5.0

42. Low-mediumtemperature:rangesbetween1°Cand35°C,
withoptimumgrowthat25°C.
Themajorityofnutrientsmustbeabletoprovidecarbon,
proteins,vitaminsandcases,ions.Duetothecarboncomposition
ofthemajorityoforganisms,deadandorganicmatterprovide
richsourcesofdisaccharidesandpolysaccharidessuchasmaltose
andstarchandofthemonosaccharideglucose.

43. Intermsofnitrogen-richsources,saprotrophsrequire
combinedproteinforthecreationofproteins,whichis
facilitatedbytheabsorptionofaminoacids,andusually
takenfromrichsoil.Althoughbothionsandvitaminsare
rare,thiamineorionssuchaspotassium,phosphorus,and
magnesiumaidthegrowthofthemycelium.

44. HOWFUNGIISGROWNONLAB?
1.Liquid bathculture
2.Liquid continuousculture
3.Culture on solidmedia

45. LIQUIDBATHCULTURE
Ifwewantedto
estimatethegrowthof
amycelialfungus
growinginaLIQUID
medium,wemight
firsthavetofilteroff
theliquidmedium
andthendetermine
thedrymassof
themycelium.

46. LIQUIDCONTINUOUS CULTURE
Analternativetotheliquidbatch
culturesystemisCONTINUOUS
CULTUREinaliquidmedium:
ThisinvolvestheCONTINUOUS
ADDITIONOFFRESHCULTURE
MEDIUM tothevesselandthe
WITHDRAWAL (bymeansofan
overflowdevise)ofacorresponding
volumeofOLD,SPENTMEDIUM,
whichwillcontainsomeofthe
microbialcells.
Theapparatususediscalled
achemostat

47. SOLIDMEDIA
Whileit'srelativelyeasy to
determinethebiomassofafungus
growinginaliquidmedium,it's
moredifficulttoestimatebiomass
whenafungusisgrowinginallthree
dimensionsoverandthroughasolid
medium.
Forthisreasonweusuallyexpress
thegrowthofacolonyintermsof
theRADIALEXTENSION OFTHE
COLONY (i.e.wemeasurecolony
radius).

48. NUTRITION IN FUNGI
ALL fungi are CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC (chemo -organotrophic)
-synthesising the organic compounds they need for growth and
energy from pre-existing organic sources in their environment,
using the energy from chemicalreactions.
They lack chlorophyll pigments and are incapable of photosynthesis.
Fungi absorb their food, rather than ingesting it as their protoplasm
is surrounded by rigidwall.
SMALLMOLECULES (e.g.simplesugars,aminoacids)insolution
canbeabsorbeddirectlyacrossthefungalwallandplasma
membrane..

49. LARGER,MORECOMPLEX MOLECULES (e.g.polymerssuchas
polysaccharidesandproteins)mustbefirstbrokendowninto
smallermolecules,whichcanthenbeabsorbed.Thisdegradation
takesplaceoutsidethefungalcellorhyphaandisachievedby
enzymeswhichareeitherreleasedthroughorareboundtothe
fungalwall.Becausetheseenzymesactoutsidethecelltheyare
calledextracellularenzymes.
Sincewaterisessentialforthediffusionofextracellular
enzymesandnutrientsacrossthefungalwallandplasma
membrane,activelygrowingfungiareusuallyrestrictedto
relativelymoist(orhumid)environments.

50. Fungiaremoreresistanttohighosmoticpressure
thanbacteria.
Fungirequirelessnitrogenthanbacteriatogrowandcan
growatPHof5.

51. PROCESSOFNUTRITIONINTAKE
Asmatterdecomposeswithinamediuminwhichasaprotrophis
residing,thesaprotrophbreakssuchmatterdownintoitscomposites.
Proteinsarebrokendownintotheiraminoacidcompositesthrough
thebreakingofpeptidebondsbyproteases.
Lipids are broken down into fattyacids
andglycerolbylipases.
Starchisbrokendownintopiecesofsimpledisaccharides
byamylases.

52. Theseproductsarere-absorbedintothehyphathroughthe
cellwallviaendocytosisandpassedonthroughoutthe
myceliumcomplex.Thisfacilitatesthepassageofsuch
materialsthroughouttheorganismandallowsforgrowth
and,ifnecessary,repair.