Motivation & Emotion of a Human Being in that sense

Understanding and detailed study of a human being's motivation and how emotions work for every kind of person, and it helps to understand why we behave and why we change our emotions for different situations

1. Motivation & Emotion

2. Motivation: Why do we do the things we do? The factors that direct and energize the behaviour of humans and other organisms. Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate actions Aron Ralston

3. Theories

4. Instinct Approach Instincts: inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned I nstinct approaches: People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival Instincts provide the energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions William McDougall (1908), suggested that there are 18 instincts . Bernard (1924) claiming that there are exactly 5,759 distinct instincts!

5. Instinct Approach Unable to explain why certain patterns of behavior , and not others, have evolved in a given species. V ariety and complexity of human behavior is learned and thus cannot be seen as instinctual

6. Drive Reduction Approach A lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need A drive is motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need Primary Drives : Basic drives, such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex, related to the biological needs of the body In secondary drives , prior experience and learning bring about needs Secondary drives are not related to biological needs.

7. Drive Reduction Approach: Homeostasis We usually try to satisfy a primary drive by reducing the need underlying it When we are hungry, we eat These beahviors leading to satisfying the primary drive are operated by Homeostasis. Homeostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Receptor cells of the the body constantly monitor factors such as temperature and nutrient levels. When deviations from the ideal state occur, the body adjusts in an effort to return to an optimal state.

8. Drive Reduction Approach: Limitations

9. Arousal Approach Arousal approaches: The belief that people try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, we will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.

10. Incentive Approach Incentive theory states that behavior is motivated by the pull of external (outside ) goals such as rewards. You come to class to get an A You work out to get compliments You go to work to earn money to buy a house Drive and incentive may work together (push-pull)

11. Are all human acts incentive-based?

12. Cognitive Approach Cognitive approaches: Motivation is the outcome of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us. In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other actual, concrete reward

13. Maslow’s Hierarchy Maslow’s model places motivational needs in a hierarchy and suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied

14. Emotion Emotions are feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior An example of physiological changes ( or arousal ) are a pounding heart, sweating palms, “butterflies in the stomach”, and other bodily reactions It is also possible, however, to experience an emotion without the presence of cognitive elements. One system governs emotional responses to a given situation, and another governs cognitive reactions to it.

15. Function of Emotion Preparing us for action Shaping our future behavior Helping us interact more effectively with others

16. Range of Emotion

17. Range of Emotion

18. Theories of Emotion

19. James-Lange theory of emotion

20. James-Lange theory of emotion

21. James-Lange theory of emotion: Limitations

22. THE CANNON-BARD THEORY

23. THE CANNON-BARD THEORYL: Limitations

24. THE SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY

25. THANK YOU