MS SAJJDALODHI NOTES FROM IGCSE EXAM TOPIC ASIAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR PHYSIOGRAPHY.docx
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About This Presentation
Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean,...
Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian peninsula by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. It shares a maritime border with the Maldives in the southwest and India in the northwest. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital of Sri Lanka and the largest city, Colombo is the administrative and judicial capital which is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Kandy is the second-largest urban area and also the capital of the last native kingdom of Sri Lanka. The most spoken language Sinhala, is spoken by the majority of the population (approximately 17 million). Tamil is also spoken by approximately five million people, making it the second most-spoken language in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka has a population of approximately 22 million and is home to several cultures, languages and ethnicities. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population, followed by the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are the largest minority group and are concentrated in northern Sri Lanka; both groups have played an influential role in the island's history. Other long-established groups include the Moors, Indian Tamils, Burghers, Malays, Chinese, and Vedda.
Sri Lanka's documented history goes back 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlements dating back 125,000 years.The earliest known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka, known collectively as the Pali Canon, date to the fourth Buddhist council, which took place in 29 BCE. Also called the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, or the Granary of the East, Sri Lanka's geographic location and deep harbours have made it of great strategic importance, from the earliest days of the ancient Silk Road trade route to today's so-called maritime Silk Road.Because its location made it a major trading hub, it was already known to both East Asians and Europeans as long ago as the Anuradhapura period. During a period of great political crisis in the Kingdom of Kotte, the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka and sought to control its maritime trade, with a part of Sri Lanka subsequently becoming a Portuguese possession. After the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, the Dutch colonial empire and the Kingdom of Kandy took control of those areas. Dutch Ceylon was taken by the British Empire, which extended control over the whole island, colonising it as British Ceylon from 1815 to 1948. A national movement for political independence arose in the early 20th century, and in 1948, Ceylon became a dominion. It was succeeded by the republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. Sri Lanka's more recent history was marred by the 26-year Sri Lankan Civil War, which began in 1983 and ended in 2009, when the Sri Lanka Armed South Asia. The country has ha
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Long Question Answer based on
IGCSE NOTES
Asian Countries And Their Physiography
06countries Out Of (49 Countries)
Sri Lanka,
Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal,
separated from the Indian peninsula by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. It shares a maritime
border with the Maldives in the southwest and India in the northwest. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is
the legislative capital of Sri Lanka and the largest city, Colombo is the administrative and judicial
capital which is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Kandy is the second-largest urban
area and also the capital of the last native kingdom of Sri Lanka. The most spoken language Sinhala,
is spoken by the majority of the population (approximately 17 million). Tamil is also spoken by
approximately five million people, making it the second most-spoken language in Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka
has a population of approximately 22 million and is home to several cultures, languages and
ethnicities. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population, followed by the Sri Lankan
Tamils, who are the largest minority group and are concentrated in northern Sri Lanka; both groups
have played an influential role in the island's history. Other long-established groups include the
Moors, Indian Tamils, Burghers, Malays, Chinese, and Vedda.
Sri Lanka's documented history goes back 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlements
dating back 125,000 years.The earliest known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka, known collectively as
the Pali Canon, date to the fourth Buddhist council, which took place in 29 BCE. Also called the Pearl
of the Indian Ocean, or the Granary of the East, Sri Lanka's geographic location and deep harbours
have made it of great strategic importance, from the earliest days of the ancient Silk Road trade route
to today's so-called maritime Silk Road.Because its location made it a major trading hub, it was
already known to both East Asians and Europeans as long ago as the Anuradhapura period. During a
period of great political crisis in the Kingdom of Kotte, the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka and
sought to control its maritime trade, with a part of Sri Lanka subsequently becoming a Portuguese
possession. After the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, the Dutch colonial empire and the Kingdom of
Kandy took control of those areas. Dutch Ceylon was taken by the British Empire, which extended
control over the whole island, colonising it as British Ceylon from 1815 to 1948. A national movement
for political independence arose in the early 20th century, and in 1948, Ceylon became a dominion. It
was succeeded by the republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. Sri Lanka's more recent history was marred by
the 26-year Sri Lankan Civil War, which began in 1983 and ended in 2009, when the Sri Lanka Armed
South Asia. The country has had a long history of engagement with modern international groups; it is
a founding member of the SAARC, the G77 and the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as a member of
the United Nations and the Commonwealth of NationsForces defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam.
Sri Lanka is a developing country, ranking 78th on the Human Development Index. It is the highest-
ranked South Asian nation in terms of development and has the second-highest per capita income in .
اکنل یرس
رپ روط یراکرس روا ، اتاج اناج س مان ک نولیس رپ روط یخیرات ،اکنل یرس
ےہ ے ے
ی کلم ریزج کیا اک ایشیا یبونج ،اکنل یرس یرومج ٹسلشوس یرومج
ہ ۔ےہ ہ ہ ہ ہ
جیلخ س دن امن ریزج ،ںیم برغم بونج ک لاگنب جیلخ ، عقاو ںیم دن رحب
ے ہ ہ ے ےہ ہ
برغم لامش روا پیدلام ںیم برغم بونج ی گلا س کلاپ ئانبآ روا رانم
ہ ۔ےہ ے ے
یک تیلوغشم ھتاس ک ںوپورگ یماوقلاا نیب دیدج یک کلم رپ ربمن رسود
ے ۔ےہ ے
ھتاس ھتاس ک نو نکر یناب اک کیرحت تسباوان روا ی یر خیرات لیوط کیا
ے ے ہ ہ ہ ۔ےہ ہ
یھب نکر اک کرتشم تلود روا دحتم ماوقا کلامم یتعنص ڑب تاس
۔ےہ ہ ہ ے
CapitalSri
Jayawarden
epura
Kotte (legisl
ative)
[1]
Colombo (ex
ecutive and
judicial)
[2]
6°56′N 79°
52′E
Larges
t city
Colombo
Officia
l langu
Sinhala
Tamil
[3]
ages
Recog
nised
langua
ge
English
Ethnic
group
s
(201
2
[4]
)
75% Sinhal
ese
11% Sri
Lankan
Tamils
9% Sri
Lankan
Moors
4% Indian
Tamils
0.5% other
Religio
n
(2012)
70% Buddh
ism (official
)
13% Hindui
sm
10% Islam
7% Christia
nity
0.1%
other/none
Demo
nym(s)
Sri Lankan
Gover
nment
Unitary semi
-presidential
republic
[5]
• Presid
ent
Anura
Kumara
Dissanayak
e
• Prime Harini
Ministe
r
Amarasuriya
• Speak
er of
the
Parlia
ment
Jagath
Wickramarat
ne
• Chief
Justice
Murdu
Fernando
Legisl
ature
Parliament
Formation
• Sinhal
a
Kingdo
m esta
blished
[
6]
543 BCE
• Anura
dhapur
a
period
377 BCE –
1017 CE
• Polonn
aruwa
period
1017–1232
• Transit
ional
period
1232–1592
• Kandy
an
period
1592–1815
• British
Ceylon
period
1815–1948
• Indepe
ndence
4 February
1948
• Repub
lic
22 May
1972
• Curren
t
constit
ution
7
September
1978
Area
• Total67,240 km
2
(
25,960 sq m
i)
[7]
(120th)
• Water
(%)
4.4
Population
• 2023
estimat
e
22,037,00
0
[8]
(60th)
• 2012 c
ensus
20,277,600
[9]
• Densit
y
337.7/km
2
(8
74.6/sq mi)
(43rd)
GDP
(PPP)
2023 estima
te
• Total $318.6 billi
on (60th)
• Per
capita
$14,455
(101st)
GDP (
nomina
l)
2023 estima
te
• Total $84.3 billio
n
[10]
(79th)
• Per
capita
$3,828
(132nd)
Gini (2
023)
39.8
[11]
medium
inequality
HDI (2
022)
0.780
[12]
high (78th)
Curren
cy
Sri Lankan
rupee (Rs)
(LKR)
Time
zone
UTC+5:30
(SLST)
Calling
code
+94
ISO
3166
code
LK
Interne
t TLD
.l
k.ලංකා.இல
ங்
கை
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern
Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq
to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. It is a republic
under a transitional government and comprises 14 governorates. Damascus is the capital and largest
city. With a population of 25 million across an area of 185,180 square kilometres (71,500 sq mi), it is
the 57th-most populous and 87th-largest country.
The name "Syria" historically referred to a wider region, broadly synonymous with the Levant and
known in Arabic as ash-Sham. The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms
and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC. Damascus and Aleppo are
cities of great cultural significance. Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial
capital for the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th
century after centuries of Ottoman rule, as a French Mandate. The state represented the largest Arab
state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces. It gained de jure independence as
a parliamentary republic in 1945 when the First Syrian Republic became a founding member of the
United Nations, an act which legally ended the French Mandate. French troops withdrew in April
1946, granting the nation de facto independence.The post-independence period was tumultuous, with
multiple coup attempts in the country between 1949 and 1971. In 1958, Syria entered a brief union
with Egypt, which was terminated in a 1961 coup d'état. The 1963 coup d'état carried out by the
military committee of the Ba'ath Party established a one-party state, which ran Syria under martial law
from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending constitutional protections for citizens. Internal power-
struggles within Ba'athist factions caused further coups in 1966 and 1970, the latter of which saw
Hafez al-Assad come to power. Under Assad, Syria became a hereditary dictatorship, with power
consolidated around his family. Assad died in 2000, and he was succeeded by his son, Bashar. Since
the Arab Spring in 2011, Syria has been embroiled in a multi-sided civil war with the involvement of
several countries, leading to a refugee crisis in which more than 6 million refugees were displaced
from the country. In response to rapid territorial gains made by the Islamic State during the civil war
in 2014 and 2015, several countries intervened on behalf of various factions opposing it, leading to its
territorial defeat in 2017 in both central and eastern Syria. Thereafter, three political entities – the
Syrian Interim Government, Syrian Salvation Government, and the Democratic Autonomous
Administration of North and East Syria – emerged in Syrian territory to challenge Assad's rule. In late
2024, a series of offensives from a coalition of opposition forces led to the capture of Damascus and
the fall of Assad's regime.A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to
diverse ethnic and religious groups. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunni Muslims are the
largest religious group ماش
وج کلم کیا اک ایشیا یبرغم ، یرومج برع یماش رپ روط یراکرس ،ماش
ےہ ہ ہ
ںیم برغم ںیدحرس یک سا عقاو ںیم ٹنویل روا مور ریحب یقرشم
۔ےہ ہ
ںیم بونج ،قارع ںیم قرشم بونج روا قرشم ،یکرت ںیم لامش ،مور ریحب
ہ
یک دسا روا ضبق رپ قشمد لسلس اک ںولمح س فرط یک داحتا ک زسروف
ے ہ ے ے
اک ںؤارحص روا ںوڑاپ دنلب ،ںونادیم زیخرز انب ثعاب اک متاخ ک تموکح
ہ ۔ ے ے
یلسن اڑب س بس برع رھگ اک ںوورگ یبذم روا یلسن عونتم ماش ،کلم
ے ۔ےہ ہ ہ
ںی ورگ یبذم اڑب س بس ناملسم ینس روا ،ںی ورگ
۔ ہہ ہ ے ہہ
Status UN member
state under
a transitional
government
Capital
and
largest city
Damascus
33°30′N 36°18′E
Official la
nguages
None
[c]
Regional
language
s
Kurdish
(Kurmanji)
[d]
Syrian Turkish
[e]
Neo-Aramaic
(Turoyo)
[f]
Other
Ethnic gr
oups
(2021)
[3][4][5]
[6][7]
80–90% Arabs
9–10% Kurds
1–10% others
Religion
(2024)
[8][9]
94.17% Islam
79.19%
Sunni
14.10%
Shia (including Al
awism)
2.5% Christianity
1.99% other
Demonym
(s)
Syrian
Governm
ent
Transitional
government
• PresidentAhmed al-Sharaa
• Prime
Minister
Mohammed al-
Bashir
Legislatur
e
Interim Legislative
Council
Establishment
• Arab
Kingdom
of Syria
8 March 1920
• State of
Syria unde
r French
mandate
1 December 1924
• First 14 May 1930
Syrian
Republic
• End of
the French
mandate
17 April 1946
• Part of
the United
Arab
Republic
22 February
1958 – 28
September 1961
• Beginning
of
Ba'athist
rule
8 March 1963
• Ba'athist
regime
overthrow
n and tran
sitional
governme
nt establis
hed
8 December 2024
Area
• Total 185,180
[10]
km
2
(7
1,500 sq mi)
(87th)
• Water (%)1.1
Population
• 2025
estimate
25,255,139
[11][12]
(57th)
• Density 118.3/km
2
(306.4/
sq mi) (70th)
GDP 2021 estimate
(PPP)
• Total $50.28 billion
[13]
• Per capita$3,300
[13]
GDP (nom
inal)
2022 estimate
• Total $9.8 billion
[13]
• Per capita$800
Gini (2022
)
26.6
[14]
low inequality
HDI (2022
)
0.557
[15]
medium (157th)
CurrencySyrian
pound (SYP)
Time
zone
UTC+3 (Arabia
Standard Time)
Calling
code
+963
ISO 3166
code
SY
Internet
TLD
.sy
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC),is a country in East Asia.The main island of Taiwan,
also known as Formosa, lies between the East and South China Sea in the northwestern Pacific
Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the
Philippines to the south. It has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 square miles), with
mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly
urbanized population is concentrated. The combined territories under ROC control consist of 168
islands[m] in total covering 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 square miles). The largest metropolitan
area is formed by Taipei (the capital), New Taipei City, and Keelung. With around 23.9 million
inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.Taiwan has been settled for at
least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years
ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration began under a Dutch colony and
continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese
history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China and ceded to the Empire of
Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1912 under the leadership
of Sun Yat-sen, took control following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The immediate resumption of
the Chinese Civil War resulted in the loss of the Chinese mainland to Communist forces, who
established the People's Republic of China, and the flight of the ROC central government to Taiwan in
1949. The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, and smaller
islands.From the early 1960s, Taiwan saw rapid economic growth and industrialization known as the
"Taiwan Miracle".In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state
under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents beginning in
1996. Taiwan's export-oriented economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the
20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals
manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties,
healthcare, and human development.The political status of Taiwan is contentious. Despite being a
founding member, the ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations after UN
members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead.The ROC maintained its claim of being the sole
legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the Chinese
Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its control over mainland China. Taiwan is
claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the
ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the
Holy See.Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and
institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which
the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-
state basis. Domestically, the major political contention is between the Pan-Blue Coalition, who
favors eventual Chinese unification under the ROC and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted
with the Pan-Green Coalition, which favors eventual Taiwanese independence and promoting a
Taiwanese identity; in the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their
appeal.
نیچ یرو مج رپ روط طباضاب ،ناویئات
ہ ہ ہ
(ROC) یزکرم اک ناویئات کلم کیا اک ایشیا یقرشم
۔ےہ
CapitalTaipei
[a][2]
25°04′N 121
°31′E
Largest
city
New Taipei
City
Official
langua
ges
Standard
Chinese
[b][5][6]
[7]
Official
script
Traditional
Chinese
[8]
Nationa
l
langua
ges
[c]
Mandarin
[d]
Hokkien
[d][e]
Hakka
[10]
Formosan
[11]
Matsu
[d]
Wuqiu
[d]
Taiwan Sign
Language
Ethnic
groups
(2016)
[12]
95–97% Han
2.3% indigen
ous
[f]
0.7–2.7% oth
er
Religio
n
(2020)
[13]
35.1% Buddh
ism
33.0% Taois
m
26.7% no
religion
3.9% Christia
nity
1.3% other
Demon
ym(s)
Taiwanese
[14]
Govern
ment
Unitary semi-
presidential
republic
[15][16]
• Preside
nt
Lai Ching-te
• Vice
Preside
nt
Hsiao Bi-
khim
• Executi
ve Yuan
Preside
nt /
Premier
Cho Jung-tai
• Legislat
ive
Yuan
Preside
nt
Han Kuo-yu
• Acting
Judicial
Yuan
Preside
nt /
Chief
Justice
Shieh Ming-
yan
Legisla
ture
Legislative
Yuan
[g]
Establishment
• Procla
mation
of the
Republi
c of
China
1 January
1912
• Taiwan
under
ROC
rule
25 October
1945
• Retreat
of ROC
to
Taiwan
7 December
1949
Area
• Total36,197 km
2
(
13,976 sq mi)
[17][14]
Population
• 1 July
2022
estimat
e
23,894,39
4
[citation
needed]
(56th)
• 2010 c
ensus
23,123,866
[18]
• Density650/km
2
(1,6
83.5/sq mi)
(17th)
GDP
(PPP)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $1.685 trillio
n
[19]
(20th)
• Per
capita
$72,485
[19]
(15th)
GDP (n
ominal)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $751.930 bil
lion
[19]
(21st)
• Per
capita
$32,339
[19]
(30th)
Gini (20
22)
34.2
[20]
medium
inequality
HDI (20
21)
0.926
[h][21]
very
high (19th)
Curren
cy
New Taiwan
dollar (NT$)
(TWD)
Time
zone
UTC+8
(National
Standard
Time)
ISO
3166
code
TW
Internet
TLD
.tw, .台灣, .台
湾
[22]
TajiKistan
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in
Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital and most populous city. Tajikistan is
bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the
north, and China to the east. It is separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's
Wakhan Corridor. It has a population of over 10.7 million people.The territory
was previously home to cultures of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, including
the city of Sarazm,and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of various
faiths and cultures including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture,
Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism,
and Islam. The area has been ruled by empires and dynasties including the
Achaemenid Empire, Sasanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire,
and Mongol Empire. After being ruled by the Timurid Empire and Khanate of
Bukhara, the Timurid Renaissance flourished. The region was later conquered
by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union. Within the
Soviet Union, the country's borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan
as an autonomous republic before becoming a constituent republic of the Soviet
Union on 5 December 1929.
On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan declared itself an independent sovereign
nation as the Soviet Union was disintegrating. A civil war was fought after
independence, lasting from May 1992 to June 1997. Since the end of the war,
newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's
economy to grow. The country has been led since 1994 by Emomali Rahmon,
who heads an authoritarian regime and whose human rights record has been
criticised.
Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Tajiks form
the ethnic majority in the country,and their national language is Tajik. Russian
is used as the official inter-ethnic language.While the state is constitutionally
secular, the Islamic religion is nominally adhered to by 97.5% of the
population. In the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast, there is a linguistic diversity
where Rushani, Shughni, Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Tajik are some of the
languages spoken. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It is a
developing country with a transitional economy that is dependent on
remittances, and on production of aluminium and cotton. Tajikistan is a
member of the United Nations, CIS, OSCE, OIC, ECO, SCO, CSTO, and a
NATO PfP partner
ناتسکجات کیا ںیم ایشیا یطسو ،ناتسکجات یرومج رپ روط طباضاب
ہ ہ ہ
یروبع یک سج کلم ریذپ یقرت کیا ی ںی طیحم رپ صح دایز س
ےہ ہ ۔ ہ ے ہ ے
رپ راوادیپ یک ساپک روا مینیمولیا روا رز تلایسرت راصحنا اک سج تشیعم
ےہ
دحتم ماوقا ناتسکجات
ہ ۔ےہ
، CIS ، OSCE ، OIC ، ECO ، SCO ، CSTO ، روا NATO
PfP نکر اک رنٹراپ
۔ےہ
Capital
and
largest
city
Dushanbe
38°33′N 68°
48′E
Official
langua
ges
Tajik • Russia
n(interethnic)
Ethnic
groups
86.1% Tajiks
11.3% Uzbek
s
(2020)
[1]0.4% Kyrgyz
0.3% Russian
s
1.9% Others
Religio
n
(2020)
[2]
97.5% Islam
0.7% Christia
nity
1.7% Irreligio
n
0.2% Others
DemonTajikistani
ym(s)• Tajiks
[3]
Govern
ment
Unitary presid
ential
republic unde
r
an authoritari
an dictatorshi
p
[4][5]
• Preside
nt
Emomali
Rahmon
• Prime
Minister
Kokhir
Rasulzoda
Legisla
ture
Supreme
Assembly
• Upper
house
National
Assembly
• Lower
house
Assembly of
Representativ
es
Formation
• Tajik
Autono
mous
Soviet
14 October
1924
Socialis
t
Republi
c
• Soviet
Republi
c
5 December
1929
• Soverei
gnty
declare
d
24 August
1990
• Republi
c of
Tajikist
an
declare
d
31 August
1991
• Indepe
ndence
declare
d from
USSR
9 September
1991
• Indepe
ndence
recogni
26 December
1991
zed
Area
• Total143,100
[6][7][8]
km
2
(55,300 s
q mi) (94th)
• Water2,575 km
2
(99
4 sq mi)
• Water (
%)
1.8
Population
• 2025
estimat
e
10,786,73
4
[9]
• Density75.4/km
2
(195
.3/sq mi)
GDP
(PPP)
2024 estimat
e
• Total $59.415
billion
[10]
(119th)
• Per
capita
$5,832
[10]
(145th)
GDP (n2024 estimat
ominal)e
• Total $12.953
billion
[10]
(141st)
• Per
capita
$1,276
[10]
(163rd)
Gini (2
015)
34
[11]
medium
inequality
HDI (20
22)
0.679
[12]
medium
(126th)
Curren
cy
Somoni (TJS)
Time
zone
UTC+5 (TJT)
Date
format
dd.mm.yyyy
Calling
code
+992
ISO
3166
TJ
code
Interne.tj
t TLD
Thailand,
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam
(the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese
Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spans 513,115 square
kilometres (198,115 sq mi). Thailand is bordered to the northwest by Myanmar,
to the northeast and east by Laos, to the southeast by Cambodia, to the south
by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the southwest by the Andaman
Sea; it also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast and
Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the state capital and largest
city.
Thai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia
from the 6th to 11th centuries. Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon, Khmer
Empire, and Malay states ruled the region, competing with Thai states such as
the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang, Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya, which also
rivalled each other. European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese
diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya, which became a regional power by the end of
the 15th century. Ayutthaya reached its peak during the 18th century, until it
was destroyed in the Burmese–Siamese War. King Taksin the Great quickly
reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi
Kingdom (1767–1782), of which he was the only king. He was succeeded in
1782 by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the first monarch of the current
Chakri dynasty. Throughout the era of Western imperialism in Asia, Siam
remained the only state in the region to avoid colonisation by foreign powers,
although it was often forced to make territorial, trade, and legal concessions in
unequal treaties.The Siamese system of government was centralised and
transformed into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the 1868–1910
reign of Chulalongkorn (Rama V). In World War I, Siam sided with the Allies,
a political decision made in order to amend the unequal treaties. Following a
bloodless revolution in 1932, it became a constitutional monarchy and changed
its official name to Thailand, becoming an ally of Japan in World War II. In the
late 1950s, a military coup under Sarit Thanarat revived the monarchy's
historically influential role in politics. During the Cold War, Thailand became
a major non-NATO ally of the United States and played an anti-communist role
in the region as a member of SEATO, which was disbanded in 1977.
Apart from a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid-1970s and
1990s, Thailand has periodically alternated between democracy and military
rule. Since the 2000s, the country has been in continual political conflict
between supporters and opponents of twice-elected Prime Minister of Thailand
Thaksin Shinawatra, which resulted in two coups (in 2006 and 2014), along
with the establishment of its current constitution, a nominally democratic
government after the 2019 Thai general election, and large pro-democracy
protests in 2020–2021, which included unprecedented demands to reform the
monarchy. Since 2019, it has been nominally a parliamentary constitutional
monarchy; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution have
ensured the military's continued influence in politics.
Thailand is a middle power in global affairs and a founding member of ASEAN.
It has the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia and the 23rd-largest in the
world by PPP, and it ranks 29th by nominal GPD. Thailand is classified as a
newly industrialised economy, with manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism as
leading sectors.
ڈنیلیئاھت
( مایس رپ روط یخیرات روا یاشداب یک ڈنیل یئاھت رپ روط یراکرس ،ڈنیل یئاھت
ہ
19س بونج رپ دن امن ریزج ، اتاج اناج س مان ک )مان یراکرس کت
ہ ہ ےہ ے ے
ًابیرقت کلم کیا اک ایشیا یقرشم۔ےہ
66 ی ،ھتاس ک یدابآ یک نیلم
ہ ے
513,115
( رٹیمولک عبرم 198,115 لامش دحرس یک ڈنیل یئاھت او لایھپ رپ )لیم عبرم
۔ےہ ہ
وک تحایس روا ،تعارز ،گنرچکیفونیم ںیم سج ، ایگ ایک یدنب جرد رپ
ےہ ہ
ایگ اھکر رپ روط ک ںوبعش درکرس
۔ےہ ے ہ
Capital
and largest city
Bangkok
[a]
13°48′N 100°33′E
Official language
s
Thai
[1]
Spoken
languages
Central Thai, Isan, Lanna
(Northern Thai), Dambro
(Southern
Thai), Karen, Pattani
Malay, Bangkok
Malay, Teochew, Hokkien
Ethnic groups 80% Thai
37% Thai (Central
Thai)
25% Thai Lao
(Northeastern Thai)
8% Lanna (Northern
Thai)
8% Dambro
(Southern Thai)
2% (Western Thai)
12% Thai Chinese
4% Khmer
4% Malays
Religion
(2018 census)
[2]
93.46% Buddhism
5.37% Islam
1.13% Christianity
0.03% Other
Demonym(s) Thai
Government Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy
• Monarch Vajiralongkorn (Rama X)
• Prime MinisterPaetongtarn Shinawatra
Legislature National Assembly
• Upper house Senate
• Lower house House of Representatives
Formation
• Sukhothai
Kingdom
1238–1438
• Ayutthaya
Kingdom
1351–1767
• Thonburi
Kingdom
1767–1782
• Rattanakosin
Kingdom
6 April 1782
• Constitutional
monarchy
24 June 1932
• Current 6 April 2017
constitution
Area
• Total 513,120 km
2
(198,120 sq m
i) (50th)
• Water (%) 0.4 (2,230 km
2
)
Population
• 2024 estimate 65,975,198
[3]
(22nd)
• 2010 census 64,785,909
[4]
(21st)
• Density 132.1/km
2
(342.1/sq mi)
(88th)
GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
• Total $1.644 trillion
[5]
(23rd)
• Per capita $23,401
[5]
(74th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total $548.890 billion
[5]
(26th)
• Per capita $7,812
[5]
(88th)
Gini (2021) 35.1
[6]
medium inequality
HDI (2022) 0.803
[7]
very high (66th)
Currency Thai baht (฿) (THB)
Time zone UTC+7 (ICT)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy (BE)
Calling code +66
ISO 3166 code TH
Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor,officially the Democratic Republic of
Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the
island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and
the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco.Australia is the country's southern
neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,950 square
kilometres (5,770 sq mi). Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and
largest city.Timor was settled over time by various Papuan and Austronesian
peoples, which created a diverse mix of cultures and languages linked to both
Southeast Asia and Melanesia. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in
the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal
conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian
invasion and annexation. The subsequent Indonesian occupation was
characterised by extreme abuses of human rights, including torture and
massacres, a series of events named the East Timor genocide. Resistance
continued throughout Indonesian rule and in 1999, a United Nations–
sponsored act of self-determination led to Indonesia relinquishing control of
the territory. On 20 May 2002, as Timor-Leste, it became the first new
sovereign state of the 21st century. That same year, relations with Indonesia
were established and normalized, with Indonesia also supporting Timor-Leste's
accession into ASEAN.The national government runs on a semi-presidential
system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime
minister appointed by the National Parliament. Power is centralised under the
national government, although many local leaders have informal influence. The
country maintains a policy of international cooperation and is a member of the
Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an observer of the Pacific
Islands Forum, and an applicant for ASEAN membership. The country remains
relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources,
especially oil, and foreign aid.
The total population is over 1.34 million at the 2022 census, and is heavily
skewed towards young people due to a high fertility rate. Education has led to
increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official
languages of Portuguese and Tetum. High ethnic and linguistic diversity is
reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country. The majority of
the population is Catholic, which coexists alongside strong local traditions and
beliefs, especially in rural areas.
صاخ ، یتر ھتاس ھتاس ک دئاقع روا تایاور یماقم طوبضم وج ، کلوھتیک
ےہ ہ ے ےہ
ںیم ںوقلاع یید رپ روط
۔ ہ
Capital
and
largest city
Dili
8.55°S
125.56°E
Official la
nguages
Portuguese
Tetum
a
National
language
s
show
15
languages
Working
language
s
English
Indonesian
Religion
(2015
census)
[1]
o99.53% Chri
stianity
9
7.57% Catho
licism
1.
96% Protest
antism
0.24% Islam
0.23% other
Demony
m(s)
East
Timorese
Timorese
Maubere
(informal)
[2][3]
Governm
ent
Unitary semi-
presidential
republic
[4]
• PresidentJosé Ramos-
Horta
• Prime
Minister
Xanana
Gusmão
Legislatur
e
National
Parliament
Independence
from Portugal and Indone
sia and United Nations
Administered East Timor
• Portugues
e Timor
Early 18th
century
• Independ
ence
declared
28
November
1975
• Annexatio
n by
Indonesia
17 July 1976
• Administe
red by UN
TAET
25 October
1999
• Independ
ence
restored
20 May 2002
Area
• Total 14,950 km
2
(
5,770 sq mi)
(154th)
• Water (%)Negligible
Population
• 2023
estimate
1,354,662
(153rd)
• 2022 cens
us
1,341,737
[5]
• Density89.7/km
2
(23
2.3/sq mi)
(137th)
GDP
(PPP)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $5
billion
[6]
(173rd)
• Per capita $3,747
[6]
(157th)
GDP (nom
inal)
2023 estimat
e
• Total $2
billion
[6]
(183rd)
• Per capita $1,497
[6]
(151st)
Gini (2014
)
28.7
[7]
low
inequality
HDI (2022
)
0.566
[8]
medium
(155th)
CurrencyUnited
States
dollar
b
Timor
-Leste
Centavo
(USD)
Time
zone
UTC+9
(Timor-Leste
Time)
Calling
code
+670
ISO 3166
code
TL
Internet
TLD
.tl
c