MSc PHY Animal act, biomedical sciences.pptx

animal handling in experiments

1. Institutional Animal Care and Use Council (IACUC) General Training Mark Jackson, PhD, Chair (832-2650) [email protected] Dan Schwartz, DVM, Attending Vet. [email protected] October 1, 2020 edition ccsu.edu/iacuc olaw.nih.gov www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare IACUC Central: iacuc.org

2. Animal Welfare Act Enacted in 1966, covers warm-blooded vertebrates except lab mice ( Mus ), lab rats ( Rattus ), birds bred-for-research, and farm animals and horse not used in biomedical research. Registers animal dealers, exhibitors, carriers, and research facilities and requires annual reporting (CCSU is not registered) Has specific standards for transportation and care of dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates and general standards for other mammals Mandates adequate veterinary care - Attending Veterinarian Is enforced by unannounced site visits by APHIS AC vets 1985: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), pain/distress, survival surgery, dog exercise, NHP enrichment, Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Animal Welfare

3. AWA IACUC Includes at least 1 veterinarian and at least 1 member not otherwise affiliated with the institution appointed by CEO Reviews and approves confidential protocols for: Justification of species and numbers of animals Procedures to minimize pain and distress Method of euthanasia (or other disposition) Inspects housing and study areas and submits evaluations to Institutional Official (IO) at least once every 6 months Ensures training of animal care staff and researchers Addresses concerns regarding animal care and use oacu.oir.nih.gov/reporting-animal-welfare-concerns

4. Public Health Service Policy Health Research Extension Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-158) U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#USGovPrinciples (vertebrates used in life sciences and medical research) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1st edition 1963 by NIH; 8th edition 2011 by ILAR Animal Welfare Assurance; IACUC, Annual Report CCSU has Assurance # D16-00566 (A4033-01) olaw.nih.gov nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910

5. Wildlife in Research American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpetologists Guidelines to the Use of Amphibians & Reptiles in Research American Fisheries Society, American Institute of Fisheries Research Biologists & American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Guidelines 2014 American Society of Mammalogists Animal Care and Use Guidelines 2011 Ornithological Council Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in Research 2010 Federal and state scientific collectors permits and import permits: F ederal: fws.gov/endangered CT State: ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2702&q=323460&deepNav_GID=1628#ScientificCollectionPermits iacuc.org has links to many organizations

6. AAALAC Association for Assessment and Accreditation for Laboratory Animal Care International (founded in 1965 as American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care) UCHC 1977 aaalac.org

7. Pre-college Education The Use of Animals in Biology Education — National Association of Biology Teachers https://nabt.org/Position-Statements-The-Use-of-Animals-in-Biology-Education Responsible Use of Live Animals and Dissection in the Science Classroom — National Science Teachers Association nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx The Science Service and ISEF Position Statement on the Use of Animals in Pre-College Science Research societyforscience.org

8. Animal Care (Husbandry) Environmental factors Chemical factors Microbial factors aalas.org Notify Veterinarian of unanticipated problems

9. Pain and Distress Behavioral signs Physiology & biochemistry Notify veterinarian of unanticipated problems oacu.oir.nih.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/arac-guidelines/b12_recognize_relieve_pain_distress_in_lab_animals_guideline.pdf ACLAM: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/position_pain-rodent-rabbit.pdf

10. Alternatives to Painful Procedures USDA Animal Care Policies (Google: “Animal Care Policy Manual”) #11 Painful and Distressful Procedures (examples) #12 Consideration of Alternatives to Painful/Distressful Procedures A search for alternatives is required to address reduction, refinement, and replacement (the 3 R’s) of animal use. Resources include databases such as MEDLINE, AGRICOLA, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. WMS Russell and RL Burch's described the 3 R’s ( The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique , 1959) altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-toc

11. Replacement Substituting conscious living “higher” animals with less sentient materials ”Lower" living systems: rodents, fish, invertebrates Non-feeling systems: tissue cultures, Ames test Computer simulation: chemical reactions, dissections Ch (REACHAcross™ software 92% + toxins; $3B) Mouse Necropsy etc.: eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/Links/index.php Fish, farm, wild, cephalopods others: norecopa.no

12. Reduction Using fewer animals to obtain the same amount or more scientific information Improved statistical design Animal sharing Improved quality of animals Genetic modified (GM) carcinogenicity models: Tg.AC and rasH2 transgenic and p53+/- and XPA-/- knockout mice

13. Refinement Altering experimental procedures to minimize discomfort Improved control of pain Improved technical skills Application of endpoints Improved instrumentation Less stress: telemetry Less invasive procedures Endoscopy/laparoscopy Confocal microscopy Magnetic resonance imaging Biophotonics and MicroCAT system

14. Drug Violations USDA Animal Care Policy #3 --- Veterinary Care Prohibits use of expired medical materials Prohibits use of non-pharmaceutical-grade chemical compounds oacu.oir.nih.gov/animal-research-advisory-committee-guidelines Requires good record keeping Controlled substances Each secure storage site requires CT registration ct.gov/ dcp / cwp / view.asp?a =1620&q=512944 deadiversion.usdoj.gov/ drugreg /categories.htm ACLAM Formulary (3 rd Ed 2005) clam.org/publications

15. Surgery & Aseptic Techniques Instruments Facilities Animal preparation Surgeon preparation oacu.oir.nih.gov/training-resources Tech Aseptic Rodent Surgery: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587003

16. Occupational Health Zoonoses Protocol related Trauma Allergies >10% nap.edu/read/4988/chapter/1 (1997) cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm (December 2009) ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/Documents/IV.2%20Animal%20Exposure%20Program.pdf : lab rodents, lab fish, lab birds – tenatus (booster every 10 yr)

17. Euthanasia/Training AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia (2020) avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf Internet training resources NIH OACU Guidelines: oacu.oir.nih.gov/animal-research-advisory-committee-guidelines NIH Training Resources: oacu.oir.nih.gov/training-resources Aquatics Training Resources Rodent Breeding Rodent Restraint Procedures Rodent Blood Collection Procedures Rodent Compound Administration Procedures Rodent Genotyping & Identification Procedures Rodent Survival Surgery Rodent Euthanasia Procedures JoVE.com Journal of Visualized Experiments

18. Ethical Considerations Foundation for Biomed Research fbresearch.org Scientific American sciam.com (Feb 1997 issue debate) February 4, 1966 Life Magazine, page 22

19. References on Animal Use Ethics General Public: How does the NIH ensure animal welfare? grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/NIH_ensure_welfare.htm Why are animals used in NIH research? grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/why_are_animals.htm For Researchers & Institutions: Good animal care and good science go hand-in-hand grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/researchers_institutions.htm

20. Experimental Design and Statistics Volume 55 Issue 3; 2014: academic.oup.com/ ilarjournal /issue/55/3 Refinement of Experimental Design and Conduct in Laboratory Animal Research Animal Husbandry and Experimental Design Evidence Should Trump Intuition by Preferring Inbred Strains to Outbred Stocks in Preclinical Research Critical Appraisal of Studies Using Laboratory Animal Models The Significance of Meaning: Why Do Over 90% of Behavioral Neuroscience Results Fail to Translate to Humans, and What Can We Do to Fix It? The Place of Experimental Design and Statistics in the 3Rs Guidance for the Description of Animal Research in Scientific Publications

21. ARRIVE / PREPARE Guidelines ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are intended to improve the reporting of research using animals – maximizing information published and minimizing unnecessary studies. – available at nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines (a United Kingdom site). A 20-item checklist was published in 2010 in  PLOS Biology , can be downloaded from the ARRIVE website. These guidelines are useful to researchers and students in writing grants and publications and in making posters and other presentations.  The ARRIVE website also provides a webinar, a slide presentation, speaker notes, and examples of completed checklists. For planning animal experiments, a new (2017) complimentary guideline is available at norecopa.no/prepare (a Norway site).