mushroom-morphology.pptx

Mushroom description, type, tools technique

1. General Morphology Mushrooms are described by Size, color, color changes, texture, order, taste, cap, gills, stem/stipe, veil, annulus, volva, mycelium, and spore prints

2. Cap The expanded, upper part of the mushroom; whose surface is the pileus Cap descriptions include viscid (sticky), glutinous (slimy), dry, smooth, scaly, fibrillose or warty Cap margins may be in rolled, incurved, straight, uplifted or striate Scale: rough patches of tissue on the surface of the cap (scales are remnants of the veil).

3. Mushroom cap shape:

4. Mushroom cap surface:

5. Gills/Lamellae A series of radially arranged (from the center) flat surfaces located on the underside of the cap. Spores are made in the gills. Gills are described by the attachment pattern to the stalk and by spacing, thickness, depth and forking pattern

6. Mushroom gill attachment:

7. Mushroom gill spacing: Mushroom gill tissue arrangement:

8. Stalk/Stem/Stipe Stipe features include size, color, color changes, shape, position, structure, and surface characteristics The main support of the mushroom; it is topped by the cap. Not all mushrooms have a stalk 

9. Mushroom stalk type:

10. Ring (Annulus) A skirt-like ring of tissue circling the stem of mature mushrooms. The ring is the remnant of the veil (the veil is the tissue that connects the stem and the cap before the gills are exposed and the fruiting body develops). Not all mushrooms have a ring. A veil is residual tissue from mushroom development that is left on the stalk and varies from a few remnants to a complete annulus

11. Mushroom ring type:

12. Veils and Volva A volva is a sack that is found at the base of the stalk A cup-shaped structure at the base of the mushroom. The basal cup is the remnant of the button (the rounded, undeveloped mushroom before the fruiting body appears). Not all mushrooms have a cup.

13. Spore Prints Spore prints are a very powerful way to identify species of mushrooms. They are created by leaving a mushroom on top of a piece of paper for 2-6 hours

14. Mycelial threads: root-like filaments that anchor the mushroom in the soil. Another feature to consider when identifying mushrooms is whether they bruise or bleed a specific color. Certain mushrooms will change colors when damaged or injured. Cutting into a mushroom and observing any color changes can be very important when trying to determine what it is.

15. A universal veil is a temporary membranous tissue that fully envelops immature fruiting bodies of certain gilled mushrooms. The developing Caesar’s mushroom (Amanita caesarea ), for example, which may resemble a small white sphere at this point, is protected by this structure. The veil will eventually rupture and disintegrate by the force of the expanding and maturing mushroom, but will usually leave evidence of its former shape with remnants. These remnants include the volva, or cup-like structure at the base of the stipe, and patches or “warts” on top of the cap. A partial veil (also called an inner veil, to differentiate it from the “outer” veil, or velum) is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, typically agarics. Its role is to isolate and protect the developing spore-producing surface, represented by gills or tubes, found on the lower surface of the cap. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, extends from the stem surface to the cap edge. The partial veil later disintegrates, once the fruiting body has matured and the spores are ready for dispersal. It might then give rise to a stem ring, or fragments attached to the stem or cap edge. In some mushrooms, both a partial veil and a universal veil may be present.

16. Mushroom structure:

17. Stage.I. The spore of a mushroom contains all of the necessary materials to form a new fungus. When the spores of a mushroom are released, they may travel a certain distance before they land. The single cell then sends out hyphae to help establish the fungus and gather food. Stage.II. After the spore has sent out its hyphae, they will eventually meet up with the hyphae of another mushroom. After the sexual process of reproduction has begun, the mushroom forms the structures of a "fruiting body" that will eventually produce and disperse spores. The egg/button stage is the early form of this fruiting body (Immature fruiting body). Stage.III. The mature fruiting body can have various structures. The picture at left is that of an  Amanita , one type of mushroom. The fruiting body may contain a cap, stalk, ring, volva, and gills. The cap normally houses the spore producing surface of the fruiting body. In the case of the  Amanita , the spore-producing cells are in the gills, but in other types of mushrooms, spores are produced in tubes or inside the cap. By comparing this illustration to the spore above, it is evident which parts of the spore develop into specific structures of the fruiting body.

18. Life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete

19. Life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete Haploid basidiospores grow into short-lived haploid mycelia: under certain conditions, plasmogamy occurs. Resulting dikaryotic mycelium grows forming mycorrhiza or mushrooms ( basidiocarps ). Mushroom cap supports and protects gills: karyogamy in the terminal, dikaryotic cells lining the gills produces diploid basidia . Resulting basidium immediately undergoes meiosis producing four haploid basidiospores . Asexual reproduction less common than in ascomycetes .

20. The mushroom life cycle simplified. It all starts when the spores are released from the gills, (or whichever surface the mushroom happens to carry spores on). Millions of spores are released into the elements, (air, water, animals..) these spores are dispersed by various methods, (depending on the kind of mushroom). When the conditions are right, the spores germinate sending out tiny threads called hyphae (single: hypha). In order for the hyphae to develop and eventually produce a mushroom it has to find other hyphae that are compatible. When two compatible hyphae meet, they fuse together to form a network or threads called a mycelium. This mycelium eventually forms what is known as a hyphal knot which grows and develops into a pinhead which in turn grows and develops into a mushroom and then it all starts again.  

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