Muslim contribution to Research Design.docx

It is about how Muslim Scholars develop the Research process and the principles and methods they develop

1. 1
Muslim Research Design

يملاسلإا ثحبلا ميمصت
Islamic civilization has played a pivotal role in shaping global civilization and promoting human
values. Its influence on the trajectory of human progress is undeniable, with classical Muslim
scholars and scientists leading the way in the discovery of key scientific principles, theories, and
methodologies. These contributions have significantly impacted modern society
1
. A thorough
examination of Islamic intellectual heritage highlights its role as a beacon, guiding not only
scientific inquiry and methodology but also the development of ethical standards, values, and
conduct in research and intellectual pursuits. This treatise aims to outline the core principles,
foundational concepts, and starting points that researchers in Islamic scholarship should follow.
2
They should ensure their work aligns with the time-honored scholarly methods developed by the
great minds of Islamic intellectual history.
Islamic Studies is renewed in each generation and will continue to exist throughout time.
3
According to Abul Hamid Abu Sulayman, “the Qur’an, the Sunnah and Sirah, must become the
principal guidance for human sciences subjects which are in their essence heavily influenced by
Western rational philosophy and methodology”.
4
It is incumbent on people and those who bear
its responsibility to receive it and to convey it to people, which is an obligation based on the text
of the Quran and the command of the Prophet (peace be upon him):
1
Basheer et. al. Muslim Contributions to World Civilization, (Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic
Thought), 1426ah/2005ce, p. XVII
2
Ibid, p.75
3
Bustamam and Jory, Islamic Studies and Islamic Education in Contemporary Southeast Asia,Yayasan Ilmuwan
Kuala Lumpur, 2011, p.54
4
Ibid, 139; Fazlur Rahman, Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition (Chicago & London:
Chicago University Press, 1984), pp. 23, 109, 136

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“Nor should the believers all go forth together: if a contingent from every party remained
behind, they could devote themselves to studies in religion and admonish the people when they
return to them― that thus they (may learn) to guard themselves (against evil)” (9: 122)
Intellectuals of Muslim community are duty bound to address issue of greater concern as did by
classical scholarship.
5
Avoiding engagement with complex intellectual issues or broader human
concerns constitutes a serious negligence of duty on the part of students of Islamic studies. Such
neglect not only weakens the pursuit of truth but also creates space for those driven by
ideological bias or moral corruption to influence discourse. Muslim scholars and students bear a
collective responsibility (fard kifayah) that extends beyond individual obligations, as fulfilling
this duty serves to compensate for the intellectual and moral shortcomings of the wider
community
6
. Imam al-Zarkashi (d. 794 H.) affirms that those granted insight and discernment by
Allah are religiously obligated to contribute to scholarly literature. Although the Muslim
ummah’s historical span may seem brief, its intellectual tradition has shown consistent vitality
and growth. Concealing knowledge is strictly forbidden, and the neglect of scholarly writing
risks the disappearance of expertise from public consciousness. Abu Huraira reported: The
Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: Whoever is asked for knowledge
and he conceals it, Allah will clothe him with a bridle of fire on the Day of Resurrection
7
.
Research (Bahth): is a word that carries a general sense in the Arabic language, meaning
“to seek out or investigate a thing”.
8
5
Islamic Research: The international Journal of Islamic Civilizational Studies, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2022, p.121
6
S. Gunther, Be Masters in that you Teach and Continue to learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational
Theory, Comparative Educational Review., 50/3, 2006, pp. 367-388
7
Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2649,
8
Bruce, H. (2005).The pain hypothesis. In K. E. Fisher, S. Erdelez & E. F. McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of
information behavior, Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc, pp. 270–274; Mohamad Ali Al Anasweh et.al., An
Exploratory Study Of Coining Of Informational Term In Arabic Language: Qualitative Approach, Journal of
Namibian Studies, 34(2023): 4542-4558

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In research method plays an important role because it is “a way that leads to discovering reality
in fields of knowledge using a set of general principles that govern the use of reasoning and
determine a course of action so that one may arrive at a specific result.”
1.ديج ثحب عوضوم ديدحتل TO SELECT A GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC
A researcher must first identify their interests and areas of expertise, then research problems or
gaps in previous research related to these areas. The topic must also be researchable, specific,
realistic, and commensurate with the researcher's capabilities and resources. Steps for Selecting a
Research Topic:
ثحبلا عوضوم
1.Identify Personal Interestsةيصخشلا تامامتهلاا ديدحت:
Start by identifying the areas that interest and interest you. Researching in an area that
interests you will make the process more enjoyable and less tedious.
2.Review Previous Studiesةقباسلا تاساردلا ةعجارم:
Search the literature related to your areas of interest to identify problems or gaps that
have not been adequately addressed.
3.Define the Research Problemثحبلا ةلكشم ديدحت:
After identifying the gap, define a specific and researchable research problem.
4.Evaluate the Importance of the Topicعوضوملا ةيمهأ مييقت:
Ensure that the research topic has scientific or applied significance and contributes to the
development of knowledge or the solution of a problem.
5.Test Research abilityثحبلا ةيلباق رابتخا:
Ensure that the topic is researchable, meaning that you can find sufficient information
about it and that you can collect the necessary data to conduct the research.
6.Ensure the topic is fresh عوضوملا ةثادح نم دكأتلا:

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Choose a new and exciting topic, or tackle an old one from a fresh perspective.
7.Avoid overly broad topics ا
ًدج ةعساولا عيضاوملا بنجت
:
Choose a specific and focused topic to facilitate the research process.
2.To select a capable supervisorرداق فرشم رايتخلا,
A Researcher should look for a professor who has experience in the desired research area, the
ability to provide guidance and counsel, communicate effectively, and dedicate sufficient time to
supervision.
Criteria for Selecting a Capable Supervisor: رداقلا فرشملا رايتخا ريياعم:
1. Research Experience: The supervisor must have extensive experience in the desired research
area and a proven track record in this field.
2. Guidance and Counselling Abilityداشرلإاو هيجوتلا ىلع ةردقلا: The supervisor must be able to
guide and mentor the student throughout all stages of the research, whether academic or
administrative.
3. Effective Communication لا
ZZعفلا لZZصاوتلا
: The supervisor must be able to communicate
effectively with the student and be available to answer their questions and discuss their ideas.
4. Availability for Supervisionفار
ZZشلإل غرZZفتلا
: The supervisor must be available enough to
supervise the student and be able to dedicate sufficient time to providing support and guidance.
5. Ability to Motivate the Studentبلاطلا زيفحت ىلع ةردقلا: The supervisor must be able to motivate
and encourage the student to do their best in the research.
6. Time Management Ability تقو
ZZلا ةرادإ ىلع ةردZZقلا
: The supervisor must be able to assist the
student in managing time and organizing their work.
7. Ability to Evaluate Workلمعلا ميي
ZZقت ىلع ةردZZقلا
: The supervisor must be able to objectively
evaluate the student's work and provide constructive feedback.

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8. Ability to Build a Positive Relationshipةيباجيإ ةقلاع ءانب ىلع ةردقلا: The supervisor must be able
to build a positive relationship with the student, based on trust and mutual respect.
Additional Tips: Check your supervisor's academic record and previous experience supervising
similar research. Speak with your supervisor's former students to learn about their experience
with them. Ensure your supervisor has sufficient time to supervise your research. Build a positive
working relationship with your supervisor through consistent and effective communication.
Literature Review ثحبلا يف تايبدلأا ةعجارم
A literature review is the process of critically reviewing and analyzing sources and literature
related to a specific research topic. This process aims to provide a comprehensive understanding
of previous studies, identify knowledge gaps, and place current research in its academic context.
Importance of a literature review:
A comprehensive understanding of the topicعوضوملل لماش مهف:
A literature review helps provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic under investigation
by reviewing previous studies and different perspectives.
Identifying research gapsةيثحبلا تاوجفلا ديدحت: By analyzing the literature, unexplored knowledge
gaps can be identified, guiding the researcher toward new and innovative topics.
Placing the research in contextهقاي
ZZس يف ثحبلا عZZضو
: A literature review helps place current
research in its academic context by demonstrating its relevance to other research fields.
Developing the theoretical frameworkير
ZZظنلا راZZطلإا ريوZZطت
: A literature review contributes to
building a strong theoretical framework for the research by identifying key concepts, terms, and
relevant theories.
Avoiding duplication راركتلا بنجت: A literature review helps avoid duplication of previous studies
and guides the researcher toward new and innovative topics.

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Developing Research Skills ثحبلا تاراهم ريوطت: A literature review helps the researcher develop
their skills in searching for, analyzing, evaluating, and writing reports.
Steps for Conducting a Literature Review:
Defining the Research Topic. ثحبلا عوضوم ديدحت: Precisely define the research topic to guide the
process of searching for sources.
2. 2. Searching for Sources ردا
ZZصملا نع ثحبلا
: Use relevant keywords to search databases,
libraries, and electronic sources.
3. 3. Evaluating Sources ردا
ZZصملا مييZZقت
: Evaluating sources for reliability, importance, and
relevance to the research topic.
4. 4. Analyzing Sourcesرداصملا ليلحت: Analyzing sources by identifying key concepts, different
perspectives, key findings, and research gaps.
5. 5. Organizing the Literature Review تايبدلأا ةعجارم ميظنت: Organizing the literature review in a
logical manner, identifying the essential elements of the topic.
6. 6. Writing the Literature Reviewتايبدلأا ةعجارم ةباتك: Write the literature review in the form of
an academic report, taking into account grammatical, spelling, and punctuation rules.
7. 7. Documenting Sources رداصملا قيثوت: Document all sources used in the literature review
according to the documentation style adopted in the field of research. Additional Tips:
• Use primary sources ةيلوأ رداصم مادختسا: It is preferable to use primary sources (such as books
and scholarly articles) whenever possible, while utilizing secondary sources when necessary.
• Be objective ةيعوضوملا يخوت: The literature review should be objective and present all the
different perspectives on the topic.
• Avoid direct quotations ةرشابملا تاسابتقلاا بنجت: It is preferable to rephrase the ideas contained
in the sources in the researcher's own words, while citing the source.

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• Focus on key aspects ةيسيئرلا بناوجلا ىلع زيكرتلا: The literature review should focus on the main
aspects and avoid unnecessary detail.
• Review the literature on an ongoing basis رمتسم لكشب تايبدلأا ةعجارم: The literature should be
reviewed continuously throughout the research period, as new relevant sources may emerge.
Research Question ثحبلا لاؤس
A research question is a statement that defines the core problem or issue that the researcher seeks
to answer through research. Good research questions seek to advance knowledge about an
important topic and are usually narrow and specific
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. The research question should be clear and
specific, guiding the research process, data collection, and analysis.
Examples of research questions ثحبلا ةلئسأ ىلع ةلثمأ:
What is the effect of regular exercise on heart health? What are the main causes of divorce in
Egypt? What is the impact of social media on adolescent mental health? What are the factors that
influence students' academic achievement?
Importance of the research question ثحبلا لاؤس ةيمهأ:
a.Guides the research ثحبلا هجوي: The research question defines the scope of the research and
helps determine the appropriate methodology for data collection.
b.Focuses on a specific problem ةدد
Zحم ةلكZZشم ىلع زZZكري
: The research question prevents the
researcher from straying from the topic and helps them focus on the core of the problem.
c.Aids in analyzing results جئاتنلا ليلحت يف دعاسي: The research question guides the researcher in
analyzing data and providing logical answers.
9
 Mattick, Karen; Johnston, Jenny; de la Croix, Anne (2018). "How to write a good research
question". The Clinical Teacher, 15 (2): 104–108.

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d.Enhances knowledge ةفرعملا زز
ZZعي
: A good research question contributes to adding new
knowledge about the topic of study.
Characteristics of a good research question ديجلا ثحبلا لاؤس تافص::
1.Clear and specific ددحمو حضاو: The question should be clear, understandable, and not open to
interpretation.
2.Relevant to the topic عوضوملاب طبترم: The question should be closely related to the field of
research.
3.Researchable ثحبلل لباق: The question must be capable of being studied and analyzed.
4.Interesting ما
ZZمتهلال ريZZثم
: It must arouse the researcher's curiosity and motivate them to
research.
5.Useful ديفم: The research question must contribute new knowledge to the field.
Hypothesis in scientific research يملعلا ثحبلا يف ةيضرفلا:
A hypothesis in scientific research is a guess or tentative explanation for a particular problem or
phenomenon, formulated by the researcher based on previous information or observations, to
verify or reject it through research. A hypothesis guides the research process and helps identify
variables, collect data, and analyze it to arrive at logical conclusions.
The Importance of Hypothesis in Scientific Research: يملعلا ثحبلا يف ةيضرفلا ةيمهأ:
Guiding Research: ثحبلا هيجوت
The hypothesis determines the course of the research and directs the researcher toward collecting
data relevant to the problem at hand. 
Defining Variables: تاريغتملا ديدحت
Helps identify independent and dependent variables, as well as the relationships between them.
Testing Theories: تايرظنلا رابتخا

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Enables the researcher to test the validity of theories or models proposed regarding the phenomenon
under study.
Interpreting Phenomena: رهاوظلا ريسفت
Helps explain the causes and effects related to the phenomenon under study.
Providing potential solutions: ةلمتحم لولح ميدقت
Contributes to providing temporary solutions to the research problem, which are verified during the
research.
Organizing Research: ثحبلا ميظنت
It helps organize the research process and direct it toward achieving specific objectives.
Types of Hypotheses: تايضرفلا عاونأ
(Null Hypothesis): ةيرفصلا ةيضرفلا
Denies the existence of a relationship between the variables
(Alternative Hypothesis): ةليدبلا ةيضرفلا
The alternative hypothesis is a relationship.
(Research Hypothesis): ةيثحبلا ةيضرفلا
Determines the expected relationship between variables.
How to formulate hypotheses: تايضرفلا ةغايص ةيفيك:
1.1. ةلكشملا ديدحت:
2.Identify the problem:
حوضو
~ب ةيثحبلا ةلكشملا ~دي~دح~ت بجي
.
The research problem must be clearly defined.
3.2. ةيرظنلا ةعجارملا: Theoretical review:
ةلكشملاب ةقل
~عتملا تايرظنلاو ةقباسلا تاسار~دلا ىلع علاطلاا
.

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Review previous studies and theories related to the problem
4.3. تاريغتملا ديدحت:Define variables:
اهن
~يب تاقلاعلاو ةعباتلاو ةلقتسملا تاري~غتملا د~يدحت
.
Identify independent and dependent variables and the relationships between them.
5.4. تايضرفلا ةغايص:Formulating hypotheses:
را
~بتخلال لباقو د~دح~مو حضاو لكشب تايضرفلا ةغا~يص
.
Formulate hypotheses in a clear, specific, and testable manner.
6.5. تايضرفلا رابتخا: Hypothesis testing:. 
Collect and analyze data to test the validity of hypotheses.
Examples of hypotheses:
"There is a positive relationship between exercise and improved mood."
"There is no difference in academic achievement between students who use the internet and
students who do not."
"Smoking increases the risk of heart disease."
Data collection in Research: ثحبلا يف تانايبلا عمج
Data collection in research is the process of gathering and analyzing information to meet
research objectives. This involves selecting appropriate data collection tools, identifying relevant
data sources, implementing the data collection process, and then analyzing the data to draw
conclusions.
The Importance of Data Collection in Research:
Date collection provides truthful information about the phenomenon or problem under study. It
helps to analyze the relationship between the various variables in the research. It helps to Guide
and make decisions in research.

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Data Collection Methods: تانايبلا عمج قرط
There are many methods used to collect data in research, which are as follow;
• Observation: ةظحلاملا
Involves observing phenomena or behaviors in their natural environment.
• Questionnaires: تانايبتسلاا
Distributing written questions to a sample of the target population.
• Interviews: تلاباقملا
Conducting individual or group conversations with participants to gather information.
• Document Analysis: قئاثولا ليلحت
Studying and analyzing available documents (such as records and reports).
• Experiments: براجتلا
Conducting field or laboratory tests to verify hypotheses.
Data Sources: تانايبلا رداصم
They help to identify the significance of the sources and their impact on the value-based research
• Primary Sources: ةيلولأا رداصملا
Includes data collected directly from original sources (such as study participants).
• Secondary Sources: ةيوناثلا رداصملا
Includes data previously collected by other sources (such as previous studies and published
reports).
Data analysis:تانا
یبلا لیلحت
Data analysis is the process of examining, cleaning, transforming, and shaping data to uncover
useful information and draw conclusions that support decision-making. Data analysis aims to

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transform raw data into actionable insights, helping to understand business processes, improve
decision-making, and drive growth.
The Importance of Data Analysis:
• Deeper Understanding of Operations:
Data analysis helps companies gain a clearer view of their operations and services, and
understand customer behavior.
• Improved Decision Making:
By extracting insights from data, companies can make informed decisions about product
development, process improvement, and personalized customer experiences.
• Boosting Growth:
Data analysis helps identify trends and patterns that can be exploited to drive growth and
increase productivity.
1.Determine data requirements:
Determine the required data and its type (numeric or categorical).
2.Data collection:
Collect data from various sources (computers, online sources, etc.).
3.Data organization:
Arrange data into an analyzable format (spreadsheets, statistical software).
4.Data cleaning:
Remove errors, duplicates, and missing data.
5.Data analysis:
Apply statistical and analytical techniques to extract patterns and insights.
6.Interpretation of results:

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Transform results into actionable insights and present them in reports.
7.Decision making:
Use the insights obtained to make informed decisions.
Types of data analysis:
1.Descriptive analysis: Describes historical data (What happened?).
2.Diagnostic analysis: Identifies the causes of a particular phenomenon (Why did it
happen?).
3.Predictive analysis: Predicts future events based on historical data (What will happen?).
4.Descriptive analysis: Suggests the best course of action to achieve a specific goal (What
should we do?).
5.Cognitive analysis: Combines all other types of analysis to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the data.
ROLE OF INTERPRETATION IN RESEARCH: ثحبلا يف ريسفتلارود
Interpretation in research is the process of understanding, analyzing, and interpreting
collected data to extract deeper meaning and connect it to broader phenomena or concepts.
Interpretation aims to uncover causal relationships between variables, clarify causes and effects,
and provide a logical explanation for the phenomena studied.
Interpretation helps move beyond simply describing data to understanding the underlying
meaning, which enriches research and offers new insights. Interpretation enables the
identification of causal relationships between variables, helping us understand how different
variables influence each other. Interpretation contributes to knowledge building and theory
development by linking research findings to existing concepts and theories, or by formulating
new theories based on the findings.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is a track that guides researchers in adopting the right method to
conclude. When writing any scientific research, one relies on scientific research methods, using a
scientific approach that is appropriate for the research content. There are many types of scientific
research methods, and each is relied upon for its distinctive characteristics and features.
Scientific research methods enable researchers to organize their thoughts, conduct analysis, and
study to arrive at the desired results.
There are many types of scientific research methods, such as the descriptive method, the
experimental method, the historical method, the analytical method, the inductive method, the
comparative method, and many others that vary depending on the type of research. Research
methods are relied upon for their distinctive features and characteristics that help researchers
successfully conduct their work. One of the most important characteristics of research methods is
their ability to assist researchers in conducting their research in an organized manner by
organizing their thoughts and relying on a logical sequence of scientific research steps. These
methods help to proceed to study, verify its validity, and formulate hypotheses, ending with
presenting the results and proposing appropriate solutions.
Research methodology is characterized by credibility and integrity and is considered the most
important reliable source from which accurate information and data are obtained for research.
They are developed on assumptions, classification and analysis to ensure the validity of the
information and data collected and examined. This ensures the accuracy and validity of the
information, making it a reliable source. Readers can even verify the accuracy of the information
contained in the scientific research by reviewing the methodology used, which helps gain the
reader's confidence in the accuracy of the scientific research content.

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OBJECTIVES: فاد لاا
ہ
Research objectives are the goals or outcomes a researcher seeks to achieve through their
research. Objectives serve as a guiding framework for a study, defining what the researcher
wants to discover, understand, or prove. Objectives help and guide the research process and
define the scope of the study, ensuring the researcher focuses on specific aspects.
Objectives must be realistic, measurable, and achievable. Objectives must be related to the
specific research problem. The researcher must be prepared to modify the objectives if
necessary. In short, research objectives serve as a compass that guides the researcher toward
achieving results of scientific and practical value.