musroom cultivation edible mushroom unit 2

Mushroom cultivation

1. EdibleMushrooms L.Darwin Cultivation of Pleurotus sp.

2. Cult ivation of E d i b l e M u s h r o o m s

3. Edible Mushrooms  Mushroom fungi do not produce leaves, But they produce f l o w er s a n d f r u i ts. beautiful mushrooms e q u i v a l e n t t o vegetables m u shr o o m s a n d f r u i t s . Th is m y s t er i o us ar e u se d a s exce ll e n t f o o d ,  m e d i c i ne s a n d p e rfu m es . M us h ro om s are nature’s gift - Chang, 1990

4. Edible mushrooms are fruiting bodies of fungus found both in Basidiomycotina ( Agaricus , Pleurotus ) and Ascomycotina ( morels, truffles). They are delicious and highly priced. They supply nutrients necessary for human health. They are also medicinal. Mushrooms

5. Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus is the species that you all know as the "button mushroom," and is the most cultivated mushroom in the world,

6. Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus , It is large, with a gray to gray-brown cap that grows to around 5-15cm in its longest dimension. The stalk of the mushroom is generally white, short and eccentric, i.e. not centrally attached. The gills are also white

7. Milky mushroom Calocybe indica

8. In 1970, cotton waste was introduced as a substrate that there was a substantial gain in yield, This eventually led to the Paddy Straw Mushroom becoming semi-industrialized in Hong Kong, Thailand and Taiwan and Indonesia. Volvariella volvacea , Paddy Straw Mushroom

9. Lentinus edodes Shitake Mushroom The cap is brown and "scaly," i.e. with upright warts, while the stipe is yellowish- white with a prominent, persistent annulus. The Shiitake has the distinctive advantage of a much longer shelf-life because they are more commonly sold dried while most other mushrooms are sold fresh.

10. Auricularia polytricha , Ear Fungus Auricularia polytricha is one of the earliest recorded edible species. It has a common name which makes reference to the ear- shaped structure of the fruiting body, Mu- Erh (wood ear) in China, and Pepiao (ear) in Hawai‘i,

11. Tremella fuciformis , Silver Ear In old pharmacological, Chinese books, it is said to cure tuberculosis, high blood pressure, the common cold and to extend life expectancy. It is also considered a delicacy and, prior to its cultivation, was affordable only for the tables of the rich.

12. Flammulina velutipes , Enoki The origin of cultivation of this species is believed to be in Japan The Enoki is a very small, delicate mushroom. The species is whitish-yellow, with a cap not more than ¼- ½ " in diameter. The stalk is approximately 3-4" long and about ¼" thick.

13. Cultivated Ascomycota Tuber melanosporum (Black Truffle) The truffles are undoubtedly the most sought after delicacy among the fungi, with a market price of approximately $800 to $1000 dollars a pound!!).

14. Morels Morchella esculenta A species of fungi that is highly prized, but until recently a means of cultivating it was not known. The first report of outdoor cultivation of morels was in 1883, from France.

15. MUSHROOM VARIETIES 69,000 fleshy fungal species are in the world 2,000 species belong to 30 genera are edible; 283 species are available in India 80 species are grown experimentally 40 species are cultivated economically 20 species are commercially exploited 4 species are grown on industrial scale

16. O y s t e r B u tt o n S t r a w Nutrients Mushroom Mushroom Mushroom Moisture (%) 89.50 89.50 90.40 Carbohydrates ; ( % ) 6.28 5.30 5.51 Protein ( % ) 2.80 2.90 1.80 Fat ( % ) 0.19 0.36 0.25 Fibre ( % ) 0.90 1.10 1.67 Potash ( % ) 1.26 1.00 1.10 Energy (kg cal) 34.40 33.90 29.20 NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF MUSHROOM ( Fresh wt. basis)

17. Protein content (%) – A Comparison Mushroom 2.9 Peas 2.6 Cabbage 1.5 Carrot ; 1.1 Cauliflower 2.7 Potato 2.1 Apple 0.3 Banana 1.1

18. MUSHROOM PRODUCTION • • WORLD MUSHROOM PRODUCTION (IN LAKH MT) 1975 - 09.00 • • • 7 . • 3 . 5 • 3 . 2 5 • 3 . • 2 . • . 6 • 2 2 - 6 . China - USA - Japan - Nederland - England - Indonesia - India - . 5

19. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION  Profitable agro enterprise  Less investment ; More profit  Component of Integrated Farming System  It requires minimum land and water  Part time / Full time profession  More suitable for women  Mushroom wastes – Cattle Feed, Organic Manure

20. Mushrooms Cash Crops From Farm Wastes

21. Annual Production of Agriculture wastes in India (In Million tonnes) Cereals (Rice, Wheat straw) 369 Plantation Crops 88 Pulses 16 O il see d s 14 T o t al 487

22.  Button Mushroom – Agaricus sp.  Oyster Mushroom – Pleurotus sp.  Milky Mushroom – Calocybe indica  Paddy straw Mushroom – Volvariella volvaceae Mushrooms to be exploited Agrocybe, Morchella, Lentinus, Auricularia, Stropharia, Dictyophora, Tricholoma and Marasmius EDIBILE MUSHROOM

23. 30 - 35 145 – 180 Productivity ( % ) Comp o s t Paddy straw Raw material ++ ++ ++ Li g ht 80 – 90 85 – 95 R.H. (%) 15 - 25 25 – 35 Temp. ( o C) 90 - 120 45 – 50 25 - 30 45 – 50 32– 35 25 – 28 80 – 90 85 – 90 +++ ++ Paddy straw Paddy straw 40–50 100 – 180 D u r ati o n ( D a y s) Button mushroom (Temperate) M il k y mushroom ( Sub tropical) St ra w O y s t e r mushroom ( mushroom ( Tropical) (Sub tropical) FAVOURABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

24. Stages of mushroom c u l t i v a tion

25. CULTIVABLE MUSHROOM VARIETIES OYSTER MUSHROOM V ar i et y Co 1 APK 1 MDU 1&2 Ooty 1 & Co 2 M 2 PF Colour White Pink White Ash or Dull white Ash White Milky Mushroom APK 2 White Milky mushroom Oyster Mushroom

26. Suitable Raw materials Highly suitable farm wastes Paddy and Wheat straw (Productivity 80 – 150 per cent) Moderately suitable farm wastes Sugarcane beggasse, maize earhead, waste cotton bolls, Oilpalm fruit waste (Productivity 50 – 80 per cent) Suitable farm waste Cotton stalk, Sorghum stalk and Sugarcane trashes ((Productivity 40 – 50 per cent) Oyster mushroom cultivation

27. Oyster mushroom cultivation tech n i q u e s Paddy straw preparation Mushroom spawn preparation Polythene bags preparation Mushroom bed preparation

28. Paddy Straw preparation Paddy Straw cut in to pieces of 3-5 cm Soak in clean water for 3-4 hours After draining the water, boiling of paddy straw for 45 minutes Drying in shade till it attains 60-65 % moisture content

29. Chaff cutter

30. Boiling of paddy straw for Mushroom cultivation

31. Drying of Paddy straw

32. Mushroom spawn preparation  O n e B o tt le ( 30 g m ) s p a w n is ta k e n on clean plastic plate  S u f f i c i en t fo r p r e p ara t i o n o f t wo mushroom beds  Mushroom spawn available at TNAU, Coimbatore, TRRI, Aduthurai and other Agricultural Research Stations

33. Mushroom spawn bottles

34. Protection of spawn bottles from insects

35. Readily available mushroom se eds

36. Polythene bags preparation  80 – 100 gauge thickness polythene bags  60 cm length and 30 cm width  Bottom portion of poly bags tied with twine thread

37. Mushroom beds  P a dd y s tr a w b i ts a r e p l ace d a t t h e b ot t o m o f po l y t hen e bag s t o a h e i g h t o f 1 0 cm (1 st layer)     20 to 30 gm mushroom seeds are spread over the straw Again straw bits are spread over (2 nd layer) Five alternate layers of straw bits and spawn are prepared Top portion of the poly bags are tied

38. Mushroom beds

39. Mushroom bed

40. Oyster mushroom shed Per day p ro d u ct i on Spawn running room Bed m a i n t e n a n ce No. of beds required / day (kg) (Sq.m) (Sq.m) 1 4 x 2 4 x 2 4 5 13.5 x 3 13.5 x 3 20 20 27 x 6 27 x 6 80

41. VIEW OF OYSTER MUSHROOM SHED

42. Bamboo Rack System

43. Mushroom shed – Maintenance of beds

44. Keeping of mushroom beds in the shed Wooden Rack / Bamboo Rack system T i re s y st e m - Single / Multi tire system

45. Oyster mushroom (ready for harvest)