MY REPORT IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 206.pptx

Quantitative Research

1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH JHONARS KENNETH T. BACUETES

2. Pre experimental design in this type of studies, only one characteristic is present of true experimental studies either manipulation, control or randomization. The one-shot case study or single case study In single case study, that studies once, following a treatment or an agent presumed to cause change. Because the study design has a total absence of control; it is considered to be little value as an experiment.

3. ONE SHOT CASE STUDY a research design in which a single group is observed on a single occasion after experiencing some event, treatment, or intervention. Because there is no control group against which to make comparisons, it is a weak design; any changes noted are merely presumed to have been caused by the event.

4. ONE GROUP PRETEST and POST-TEST DESIGN Here only one group is observed before and after the independent variable is introduced. Loss of the control group decreases the usefulness of the study but may be necessary in cased where it is not possible or feasible to have control group. E.g. Sailaxmi Gandhi (2006) conducted a pre-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of stress management programme on the selected variables of nurses working in psychiatric wards at NIMHANS, bangalore .

5. NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The non-experimental research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions or both. In non-experimental research, researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatment.

6. NEED OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Non-experimental design can be used to conduct a study are as follows The studies in which the independent variables cannot be maintained The studies in which it is unethical to manipulate the independent variable, i.e. manipulation may cause physical or psychological harm to subjects. The studies or research situations where it is not practically possible co conduct experiments Descriptive type studies that do not require any experimental approaches

7. SURVEY STUDIES To survey means, “to look at or examine” it involves “an observation or an overview”

8. Example A nurse researcher might use a survey to gather data on the health needs of clients, their perceptions of the nursing care or their attitudes towards phenomenon.

9. Example of a survey study is: Esther Sangappa , “ A study to assess the factors influencing postnatal depression among the postnatal mother at Bagalkot, Karnataka (2006)

10. CORRELATION STUDIES Examine if variables relate each other Quantifies the strength or relationship between the variables (not cause and effects) + ve or - ve direction relationship is determined.

11. CORRELATION STUDIES Example for correlational study: Prabhudeva S.S “ A correlational study to assess the relationship between stress and coping behavior seen among patients with myocardial infraction in a selected hospital, Bangalore (2008)

12. TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN Prospective research design 2. Retrospective research design

13. Prospective research design: A design in which the researcher relates the present to the future is a prospective research design. Prospective studies start with a presumed cause and then go to presumed effects. In this research design, researchers observe phenomenon from cause to effect. Prospective design are often longitudinal, but may also cross sectional.

14. For example, a researcher conducting a prospective correlational study on effects of maternal infection during pregnancy on fetal development and pregnancy outcome. In this study, the researcher starts by collecting data from pregnant women regarding any history of infection among women during their current pregnancies, next observes fetal development and pregnancy outcomes, and finally analyses the relationship of maternal infection during pregnancy and fetal development and pregnancy outcomes.

15. Retrospective research design A design in which the researcher studies the current phenomenon by seeking information from past is a retrospective research design In this the researcher links the present phenomenon with the past events. In other words, the researcher has a backward approach to study a phenomenon, where he or she moves from effects to identify the cause.

16. For example, this design was used in a retrospective correlation study on substance abuse related high-risk factors among traumatic head injury patients admitted in neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali Medical College & Hospital, Udaipur’. In this study, the researcher first approached head injury patients, & then tried to identify the number of head injuries that occurred under the influence of substance.

17. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

18. Developmental research designs examines the phenomenon with reference to time. This design is generally used as adjunct research designs with other research design such as cross-sectional-descriptive, longitudinal-correlational research design.

19. TYPES 1. CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN. 2. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN.

20. CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN. Cross-sectional research designs is the one in which the researcher collects data at a particular point of time. (one time data collection).

21. cross-sectional research designs is easier and convenient to carry out.

22. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN. Longitudinal research designs is used to collect data over a period of time. ( long time study)

23. The value of the longitudinal research designs is in its ability to demonstrate change over a period of time. Longitudinal studies are classified into three types: TREND STUDIES, PANEL STUDIES, FOLLOW-UP STUDIES.

24. TREND STUDIES Trend studies aims at investigating a sample from a general population over a time with respect to some phenomenon.

25. TREND STUDIES Trend studies permit researchers to examine pattern and rate of changes and to make prediction about future direction based on previously identified patterns and rates of changes .

26. PANEL STUDIES A sample of people involves in the study are referred to as a panel.

27. In panel studies, same people are involved and over a period of time because they become more informative on the phenomenon than the subjects in trend studies because the researcher cannot only examine the patterns of change, but also reasons for change.

28. The same selected people are contacted for two or more times to collect further data.

29. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES Follow-up studies are undertaken to determine the subsequent states of subjects with a specified condition or those who have received a specific intervention.

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