MYSURU PALACE ARCHITECTURE

MYSURU PALACE ARCHITECTURE - indo-sarcenic style of architecture, Mysuru palace floor plan, Mysuru palace architectural style, Mysuru palace, colonial style of architecture

1. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE MYSORE PALACE SHASHIDHAR C HATTI VISHAL U SHETTAR IV SEM B ARCH

2. The Indo-Saracenic (also known as Indo-Gothic, Hindu-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal) was an architectural style movement by British architects . It drew elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian temple architecture, and combined it with the Gothic revival and Neo-Classical styles favored in Victorian Britain. Saracenic was a term used by the ancient Romans to refer to a people who lived in desert areas in and around the Roman province of Arabi a The first Indo-Saracenic building is said to be the Chepauk palace, located in the Chennai. This style of architecture is seen in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and various other places in India. INTRODUCTION INDO-SARACENIC STYLE An architectural style movement by British architects in the late 19th century British India which drew elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, and combined it with the Gothic revival and Neo-Classical styles favoured in Victorian Britain. GEOGRAPHYCAL INFLUENCE Indo-Saracenic Architecture style is found in these region Lucknow Jaipur Ajmer Jamnagar Rajkot Baroda Gwalior Allahabad Calcutta Mysore Chennai Trivandrum Delhi Mumbai HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE BEFORE INDO SARCENIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE: The prevailing style of architecture was Mughal was in practice B y incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani Temple architecture . Motifs such as chhajja ,corbel brackets with richly carved pendentive decorations ,balconies, kiosks or chhatris and minars were characteristic of the Hindu style . BRITISH UNDERSTANDING OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE THAT Both Indian temple & Mughal is a typical style of Indian architecture Islamic Architecture Hindu Architecture British Palette (Import) Classical Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Baroque INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STYLE BEFORE 1857- European classical style (incorporating Greek and Roman Features such as columns, triangular pediments) employed for the public buildings: image as the holders of power and status and to distance themselves from the natives. REVOLT OF 1857- India began to be ruled under the British crown: essential to legitimatize their rule and connect to the natives of the colonised land. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE FOR ADAPTATION OF STYLE Initially the British built government buildings in European Classical style without considering the impact of the context and climate. They used locally available material like stone , wood . They started to construct in local style according to the reginal climate .as in temple architecture and Indo Islamic stone is used shading chajjas constructed , chattras were their to protect from warm climate, courtyards, colonnades British adopted that. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Previous Islamic rulers adopted temple architecture British period roman church architecture was introduced It is mix up off temple , mosque and church Mysore palace CHARACTERISTICS : onion domes corbelled eaves pointed arch vaulted roof domes Harem window INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE Onion (Bulbous) Domes Overhanging Eaves Pointed Arches, Cusped Arches, or Scalloped Arches Vaulted Roofs Many Miniature Domes, Domed Chhatris Towers or Minarets Harem Windows Open Pavilions, courtyard Pierced Open Arcading Indian order of columns Indian order of capitals, brackets, entablatures Chajjas, Carvings

4. PROMINENT BUILDINGS Courts and other Civic Buildings, Clock Towers, Government Colleges and High School Buildings, Railway Stations, Art Galleries, Palaces of the Indian Maharajas FIRST INDO SARSNIC BUILDINGS ARE VICTORIA MEMORIAL The Victoria Memorial is a large marble building in Kolkata West Bengal, India which was built between 1906 and 1921. The building is 184 ft high up to the base of the figure of Victory, which is another 16 ft high. The Memorial is situated on a 64 acre It has 4 minarets or towers ,at four corners of the memorial. Its symmetric in nature and follows a kind of grid pattern. T he architect introduced forms from Hindu architecture, such as corbelled arches. Madras high court 1892- Mughal elements. Chepauk Palace, Chennai St. George's Cathedral, Chennai Gate way of India, Mumbai LEADING ARCHITECTS ROBERT CHISHOLM EDWIN LUTYENS HERBERT BAKER CHARLES MANT HENRY IRWIN WILLIAM EMERSON GEORGE WITTET F W. STEVENS Henry Irwin : architect of Mysuru Palace Senate house- madras INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE

5. OTHER BUILDINGS AMBA VILAS PALACE (1900-1910), MYSORE (HENRY IRWIN) fluted pillars from the Red Fort in Delhi, onion domes from the Taj Mahal, Mughal tracery and European halls. Indo-Venetian Gothic building Saracenic domes and Rajput arches. Dravidian style, Chajjas, Indian orders Inspired by the Byzantine and built in the Indo-Saracenic style. Stone columns with sculptured capital Hindu iconography on the capital Large story circular openings decorated with coloured glass SENATE HOUSE- MADRAS UNIVERSITY Hindu iconography on the capital Turrets INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE

6. OTHER BUILDINGS CST, Mumbai 1805 Secretariat building ,New Delhi Designed to form two squares; broad corridors between different wings and wide stairways to the four floors. Each building is topped by a giant dome, while each wing’s end with colonnaded balcony. Colonnaded verandas Chhatris & Chajjas in red sand stone Columns and colonnaded verandas Chhatris & Chajjas in red sandstone RIPON BUILDING, CHENNAI 1913 Secretariat building ,New Delhi

7. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION MYSORE PALACE ALSO KNOWN AS AMBAVILAS PALACE LOCATED AT HEART OF THE CITY THIS IS THE MOST PROMINENT PALACE IN INDIA OLD FORT FACING THE CHAMUNDA HILLS STANDS AN OFFICAL RESIDENCE OF WODEYAR DYNASTY IT DISPLAYS INDO SARSNIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE (Hindu, Islamic, & Gothic) THE SUPER STRUCTURE IS REPLACEMENT OF THE WOODEN BUIDING . THE BUILDING COMPRISES TWO DURBAR HALLS , KALYAN MANTAPA COURTYARD , WRESTLING COURT , GARDEN AT FRONT, RESIDENTIAL, QUARTERS INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL INFLUENCE: CONSTRUCTED IN 1897-1912 ADDITIONS LATER IN 1930 PUBLIC DURBAR HALL FIRE PROOF MAHARANI INSITED NEW PALACE TO BE BUILD IN MODEL AND FOUNDATIONS OF OLD ONE IN NEW CONSTRUCTINS STONE , BRICK ,AND IRON ARE USED HISTORY Woderys came Gujarat Yadav community settled in Mysuru , Yaduraya built a first palace in Mysuru fort in 1400 , that was dismantled. In 1897 wooden palace was destroyed by fire while the wedding ceremony taking palace that year itself the young monarch and his mother ,her majesty ,maharani vani vilas sannidhana , delighted lord henry Irwin a British architect , to construct a new palace in 1897. In 1940: addition of public durbar hall wing Also known as amba vilas palace Location: Mysuru, Karnataka Coordinates: 12°18’14”N, 76°39’16”E Construction period: 1897 - 1912 Cost of construction: 42 lakh (approx.) Ground floor area: 245ft x 156ft Famous for: Dussehra festivities Architect: henry Irwin a British architect INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE

8. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE: The architect Henry Irwin referred many palace buildings before designing this palace. He used design principles and our climatic conditions by designing a good ventilation large court yards , verandas ,according to our climate COURT YARDS VENTILATIONS GLASS CEILINGS ECONOMIC INFLUENCE: In the reconstructions non combustible materials was used wherever possible they avoided expensive materials Initial stage the estimate was Rs 25 lakhs The materials was used which are locally available to reduce the transportation cost. They ordered manufactured local bricks for construction Cost of construction was rs.41,47,913 it was expanded in 1930 under the rule last maharaja of the kingdom Jaya Chama Rajendra Wodeyar INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE PUBLIC DARBAR HALL WITH LONG SPANS Old wooden palace in 1860 Palace in 1912 The Mysore Palace has a rich history attested to it. It used to be the residence of the royal Wadiyar family of Mysore from 1350 to 1950, for almost 600 years. During its lifetime, the palace had been built and rebuilt many times. In 1940, several renovations were made in the palace structure, which included the Public Darbar Hall. The descendants of the royal family continue to reside in one portion of the Mysore Palace, while most of the palace is now state-owned and converted into a museum.

9. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE SITE PLAN

10. SOCIO – CULTURAL INFLUENCE In earlier years the Dasara was celebrated in Vijayanagar .That was adopted by the Mysuru Wodeyars in the Autumn season the Dasara was celebrated in Mysuru palace with processions of elephant howdah, durbar rituals takes place know it is continued DASARA DURBAR RITUAL DOLLS PAVILION ELEPHANT GATE In that time Hinduism was the dominant the rituals was followed of that A Christian religion was introduced in 18 th cent This palace was built in British colonial period In Indo sarsnic style by combining temple architecture, Indo Islamic , Rajputh and British colonial gothic style RELIGIOUSINFLUENCE ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS : INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE The Mysore Palace is built in the Indo-Saracenic form of architecture. In other words, one can see the elements of Hindu, Mughal and Gothic elements in its structure and construction. It is a 3-4 storeyed stone palace which has a series of square towers with arches covered with domes. Entry to the palace is through "Gombe Thotti" or Doll's Pavillion. The entrance gate and arch hold the emblem and coat of arms of the kingdom of Mysore, around which is written the kingdom’s motto in Sanskrit: translated as “never terrified”. The main frontage of the palace has nine arches, supported by ornamental pillars carrying a beautiful balcony without intermediate pillars.

11. MYSORE PALACE FLOOR PLAN PUBLIC COURT DURBAR HALL WHRESTLING COURT YARD RESIDENCIAL PALACE STAFF QUATERS KALYANA MANTAPA ROOMS DOLLS PAVILION ENTRY HALL COURT YARD PRIVATE ROOMS PRIVATE ROOMS STABLES ROOMS INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE N KITCHENS & GRAINARIES BALL ROOM KINGS HALL ART GALLERY PAVILION SOUTH ENTRY NORTH ENTRY ROYAL TEMPLE PALACE OFFICES

12. MYSORE PALACE ROOF PLAN PUBLIC COURT DURBAR HALL COURT YARD RESIDENCIAL PALACE STAFF QUATERS KALYANA MANTAPA DOLLS PAVILION ROYAL TEMPLE OFFICES SOUTH ENTRANCE GARDEN GARDEN FORE GROUND STABLES INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE N

13. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE CENTRAL TOWER: Height: 145ft Floors: 5 Tower projects up from the rest of the roofline like a tower of a Gothic cathedral Top of tower is a large dome – Mughal Style Top of the dome is a domed Chhatri – Rajput Style Chhat r i La r g e dome ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS : Above the central arch is the statue of goddess Gajalakshmi – Hindu influence ‘Jharokha’ (protruding balconies) – Raj puth Architecture Pointed Arches – Mughal The 3 - 4 story stone building of fine gray granite with deep pink marble domes has a facade with several expansive arches and two smaller ones flanking the central arch, which is supported by tall pillars covered with domes. The domes are an element borrowed from the Islamic architecture. There are many deep pink marble domes projecting at the corners of the palace structure. However on top of it is a large dome, a very typical feature of Islamic style of structures. However it is metal gilded. Further on top of this dome is a domed Chhatri. That is, a smaller dome supported by slender pillars projecting up from the large dome. Domed Chhatri is a typical Rajput architectural feature. The tallest tower of the palace is a five storied tower, measuring about 145 feet (45 meters) at the centre of the palace. This projects up from the rest of the roof-line of the palace like a tower of a Gothic cathedral.

14. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE There is also a large open space in front with an open courtyard in the center, which is covered by a gold plated dome about 145 feet off the ground. A striking sculpture of Gajalakshmi, the goddess of wealth, prosperity, good luck is located above the central arch with her elephants. This is a common feature in Hindu architecture as the goddess Gajalakshmi is considered as a symbol of wealth, prosperity and abundance. The palace is surrounded by a large garden and houses a collection of exquisite carvings and works of art from all over the world. The new palace covers a vast area; the south- side entrance is seen here, with the main part of the palace rising in the background. This distant view from the southeast shows the great extent of the palace. The east facade, with its two-story arcade, is anchored on either end by red-domed towers grouped into blocks of four. The southern and northern extremities of the palace possess protruding balconies. These resemble that of the ‘jharokha' of the Raj puth architecture. The balconies appear three- storied from outside. That is, three rows of tall windows one over the other on the balconies. Top of the balcony is a semi- dome in deep pink marble , while the bottom is supported by a structural feature in the form a lotus.

15. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE It is another important architectural feature of the palace . There are many secret tunnels from the palace cellar that lead to Srirangapatna and other confidential areas. Jayamarthanda Gateway Balarama Jayarama Gateway is the northern gate way to the Mysore Palace. Just outside the gate are two old temple, Kote Ganapathy Temple and Kote Anjaneya Temple. Elephant Gate in Mysore Palace has five entry points. The brass gate of ornate is the main doorway to the Mysore Palace. Elephant gate faces towards east which known as Ane Bagilu. All ceremonial processions began outside this Elephant gate. Balarama Jayarama Gateway GATEWAYS AND THE WALLS The one located at the east, Jayamarthanda Gate, is the largest of the four gateways. Between the gateways and the palace is a sprawling garden. Crest of the Balarama Jayarama Gateway Elephant Gate GANESHA SHRINE This shrine dedicated to Ganesha is attached to the Mysore Palace building and serves as a private shrine to the Wodeyar family. This shrine was saved when the whole of the palace was destroyed in a fire in 1897. Later when the palace was rebuilt in the present form, the Ganesha shrine got integrated to the palace structure. The shrine is accessed through the passage near the Durbar Hall.

16. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE Gombe Thotti (Doll’s Pavilion) : European influence Kalyana Mantapa (Ceremonial Hall) with wrought-iron pillars and a stained glass ceiling with a prominent peacock motif : Mughal influence Entrance of Amba Vilas (Diwan-e-Khas) is a rosewood doorway inlaid with ivory that opens into a shrine to Ganesh : Hindu Influence Great deal of plaster work on the ceiling - Blend of Native and Gothic styles SPACES The palace has several unique rooms. These include the Public Durbar, where the king would host major ceremonial gatherings. There’s also the Kalyana Mantapa, a spectacular octagonal shaped hall where all royal weddings, birthdays and ceremonial functions were celebrated, the Private Durbar, the Gombe Thotti and the Portrait Gallery. The palace now converted into a museum, is home to souvenirs, paintings, jewelry, royal costumes and other items which were once possessed by the Wodeyars. However, the erstwhile Royal family continues to live in a portion of the Palace. It’s a rainbow of stained glass and mirrors. The lavishly decorated rooms are hidden behind elegantly decorated and intricately carved doors. Ambavilasa inside the Mysore palace, it is lined up with multiple rooms PUBLIC DARBAR HALL GOMBE THOTTI Entry to palace is through doll’s pavilion, a gallery of traditional dolls from the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. The pavilion also houses a fine collection of Indian and European marble sculpture and ceremonial objects like a wooden elephant howdah decorated with 84 kgs of gold. Another fascinating exhibit, Antoinette's, mechanical elements, & a procession of dolls and the seven canons etc. DURBAR HALLS

17. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE PUBLIC DURBAR HALL On the first floor, a marble staircase leads to the magnificent new durbar hall (1938) of the Mysuru palace which is a part of the main palace enclosed on three sides and completely open on the eastern side. This hall is of a unique kind with magnificent proportions. Having a clear height of 15.24m, above ground level and hall measures 74.68m long and 24.38 m wide without any intermediate pillars. The dome is supported by cast-iron pillars from Glasgow and grand chandeliers. The flooring of the room continues the peacock theme with a peacock mosaic, with tiles designed from England. Also called the "Diwan-I-Am“, it was used for public audiences where the general population could meet the king at scheduled times to submit petitions, public announcements and hearings.

18. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE PRIVATE DURBAR HALL The richly decorated gold-and-turquoise colonnaded hall with majestic bottle-shaped pillars painted in pleasing colors, and with asbestos-lined ceiling, is adorned with the paintings of the ten incarnations of Vishnu ( Dashavatara ). The central panel has the 12 signs of the zodiac placed around the Hindu trinity- brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara . A series of paintings on the rear wall shows the goddess Durga in her various forms. A passage leads past the beautifully ivory-on- wood inlaid door of the Ganesh Temple, to the Amba Vilas where private audiences (Diwan-I- Khas) were held. It was here where the king would confer with his ministers. It was also the chamber in which he gave audience to people deserving special attention. This exquisitely decorated hall has three doors. Entry to this opulent hall is through an elegantly carved silver rosewood doorway inlaid with ivory that opens into a shrine dedicated to Ganesha. The central silver door depicts Vishnu’s 10 incarnations and the eight dikpalas (directional guardians), with Krishna figures on the reverse, all done in repoussé on teak and rosewood. S t ainn ed glass ceiling of Palace Durbar Hall

19. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE THE KALYANA MANTAPA The kalyana mantapa , or the wedding hall, is a grand octagonal- shaped room with multi-colored stained glass ceiling, which soars heavenward, and casts stunning colored shadows giving the whole place a surreal feel, with a rich tapestry of peacock motifs arranged in geometrical patterns and floral "mandalas" held by metal beams. Cast Iron painted columns Outside the Marriage Pavilion, the walls are equally arresting with massive oil paintings, the multicolored columns and pillars carvings with scenes from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana , shows the rich Indian Cultural Heritage. The ceiling filled with intricate kaleidoscopic artwork

20. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE THE BALL ROOM & KINGS HALL Ballroom inside Mysore Palace The room sports an art nouveau style, while t he central nave of the hall has ornately gilded columns, stained glass ceilings, decorative steel grills, and chandeliers with fine floral motifs, mirrored in the pietra dura mosaic floor embellished with semi- precious stones. PAINTINGS GALLERY The Portrait Gallery and the Period Furniture Room lead off this pavilion. On the southern part of the kalyana mandapam is the portrait gallery. It contains large portraits of the kings and princes along with innumerous examples of traditional Mysuru paintings. Locally available materials were used for these paintings and the subjects of the paintings include Hindu deities, courtly life, historic battles, and scenes from great Indian epics. THE GOLDEN THRONE & HOWDAH Golden Howdah or Chinnada Ambari is a magnificent and majestic throne mounted on a platform with steps leading up to the main seat where a beautiful golden umbrella hangs over it. It is a wooden structure with base carved out of fig wood, in the form of a mantapa which is covered with eighty kilograms of gold sheets and encrusted with precious stones, silver and jewelry. Golden Howdah has an intricate designs consisting of scrolls, foliage & flowers. It is embellished with Holy Trinity, female figures , soldiers, elephants, horses, creepers & other patterns.

21. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE Gayatri Temple The Mysore palace complex has a selection of 12 Hindu temples. They have been built over a vast expanse of time with the oldest being built in the 14th century. The latest one was built in 1953. Someshvara Temple, dedicated to God Lord Shiva and Lakshmiramana Temple, dedicated to God Lord Vishnu are some of the more famous temples. The Maharajas of Mysore were devotees of Goddess Chamundi, which is why the palace faces Chamundi Hill. Halasuru Someshwara Temple Lakshmiramana Temple TEMPLES Shwetha Varahaswami Temple The temple's 5-story gopura is whitewashed; its figural sculptures include dvarapalas flanking the openings, and guardian faces on the top story. This 18th century temple is one of 12 that lie within the palace grounds. It is dedicated to the Varaha incarnation of Vishnu. The Bhuvaneshwari Temple With the chola style gateway Tower , it is located on the northern side of the Palace complex with identical looking tower, providing a architectural symmetry to the campus layout

22. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE WRESTLING COURTYARD Wrestling Courtyard in Mysore Palace is the eye witness of several games like wrestling competition, which is one of the most famous games in India. Among the other European and Indigenous sports held, include Horse races, Foot Ball, Polo tournament, the chase, etc. THE FORT Faced with the grandeur of Amba Vilas Palace, it is easy to miss the historic fort that surrounds it and is amongst Mysore’s unique experiences. The original walls were built under the Wadiyars in 1524 but gradually the defensive glacis was flattened and defensive ditch was filled, but the stone wall is still intact. Over time, the wall was rebuilt and extended several times, the mud walls replaced eventually with stone. Later, Tipu had them pulled down with plans to rebuild but died before the plans came to fruition. Subsequently, they were reconstructed by the British in 1799. Originally, the fort area was a bustling centre of life, packed with houses, but these were moved out in 1910. GARDENS IN MYSORE PALACE Mysore Palace has a well laid garden within the complex.

23. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE MATERIALS USED Wood – teak (yellow brown) and rosewood (coffee colour ) Marble Stones Hard granite stained glass Cast iron, wrought iron Ivory, gold, silver Brass, brick Stucco work ON THE FLOOR, ARE THE EMBEDDED INLAY WORK - PIETRA DURA- POPULARLY KNOWN AS AGRA WORK A teak and rosewood doorway inlaid with ivory opening into Ganesha shrine The ceiling filled with intricate kaleidoscopic artwork

24. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE Current palace is built on the foundation laid for the old palace (1803) Fireproof Public Durbar Hall - 42.75m X 12.70m New Public Durbar Hall (1938-40) – Clear height: 15.24m above ground level Area: 74.68m X 24.38m without any intermediate pillars Pillars in Diwan-e-Khas are made of hollow cast iron Jayamarthanda (principal east gate) – Constructed of reinforced concrete Central archway: 60 feet high and 45 feet span MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION In-charge: Mysore Palace Board constituted by the Government of Karnataka Revenue Source: Entry ticket sales No major conservation work done yet TRIVIAL FACTS 9 7 ,000 incandescent bulbs(15 W) used for lighting Palace light illumination on Sundays and all public holidays from 7:00pm to 7:30pm Golden Howdah (Throne) decorated with 84kg gold

25. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE The palace has electricity supply, since the completion of it’s construction. Ceiling fans were also installed in the Kalyana Mantapa. C e ili n g Fan ADAPTABILITY MIXING VARIOUS STYLES LOCAL MATERIALS GOING WITH THE ADVANCING TECHNOLOGY LOCAL CRAFTSMANSHIP BRONZE TIGERS There are 8 larger than life size bronze tigers installed on pedestals in the Mysore Palace. Bronze tiger Six of them are located on the arena in front of the palace building. They are installed in pairs as if guarding the 3 pathways radiating out of this expansive courtyard in front of the palace. FEATURES

26. INDO-SARCENIC ARCHITECTURE : MYSURU PALACE PALACE ILLUMINATION The main frontage of palace has 9 arches, supported by ornamental pillars carrying a beautiful balcony without intermediate pillars. The palace is illuminated with ninety seven thousand bulbs at night on Sundays and during the holiday season of Dussehra.

27. THANK YOU SHASHIDHAR C HATTI VISHAL U SHETTAR IV SEM B ARCH KLE TECH , HUBBALLI