Nail polish

covers all the pharmaceutical aspects of nail polish.

1. NAIL POLISH Name : Dhairy Sharma Roll no : 19

2. CONTENTS Introduction Anatomy of nail Preparation of nail polish Types of nail polish Ideal characteristics of nail polish Evaluation parameters Packaging and labelling Advantages and disadvantages Facts about nail polish

3. What is nail polish? Nail polish  (also known as  nail varnish ) is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effects and to suppress cracking or flaking. 

4. Anatomy of Nail A  nail  is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. 1.Lunula- (small moon) is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. 2.Free margin -is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. 3.Eponychium -is a small band of living cells (epithelium) that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. 4.Nail plate -is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. 

5. 5.Matrix -also called  keratogenous membrane and nail matrix. It is the part of the nail bed that contains nerves, lymph and blood-vessels. It is responsible for producing cells that become the nail plate. 6.Nail bed- is the skin beneath the nail plate.It is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis and epidermis. 7. Nail wall -is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail. 

6. Preparation of NAIL-POLISH

7. Raw materials (1)FILM-FORMERS A film-former is defined as the agent that forms the nonsticky , flexible, andglossy coat adhering to the surface of the nail after the solvents have evaporated. Polymers are the first choice as they have shown properties, such as film toughness, gloss, and so forth without the defects of stickiness or dullness. Nowdays cellulose nitrate, better known as nitrocellulose, is widely used in nail polish formulations, as it gives an excellent film transparency. It has a very low solvent retention and a quick dry- time.The film obtained is hard and exhibits good water and abrasion resistance. Nitrocellulose (NC) is an ester and is obtained by reaction of an acid with an alcohol. The acid is a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid; the alcohol is one of the several hydroxy groups on the cellulose heterocycles. The simplified reaction is: ROH + HN0 3 → RONO 2 + H 2

8. (2)PLASTICIZERS Nitrocellulose forms a very bright and transparent film, but it is very tough and can be brittle. The nail plate is flexible and grows, and the film must adapt to this flexible, moving, and changing surface. The nail polish formulator has to include components that will make the film more flexible: the plasticizers. They must remain in the film; hence they have a very high boiling point. They must be compatible with the solvents and other components. E.g. Dibutyl phthalate, Camphor Camphor Dibutyl phthalate

9. (3)RESINS Any polymer that remains in the dry film and improves film properties (film formation, evaporation of solvents, hardness, flexibility, resistance to abrasion, gloss, etc.) is commonly identified as a resin. The natural resins are benzoin, dewaxed dammar gum. Nowdays most commonly used families of resins are aryl sulfonamide resins, acrylic copolymers, vinyl esters, vinyl acetates/vinyl chloride copolymers, and polyesters. vinyl esters

10. (4)THICKENING AGENTS Thickening agents are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. E.g. Stearalkonium hectorite. Thickening agents exhibit thixotropy, their solutions are viscous when still but free flowing when agitated. This duality is convenient for easily applying the freshly shaken mixture to give a film that quickly rigidifies

11. (5)PIGMENTS The DCMA (Dry Color Manufacturers Association) defines a pigment as a colored particulate organic or inorganic solid that is usually insoluble and unaffected by, the vehicle or substance into which it is incorporated. pigments are divided into three categories: 1)mineral pigments or inorganic pigments, e.g. iron oxides 2)organic pigments, e.g. barium sulfate 3)nacreous pigments e.g. coated mica .

12. (6)SOLVENTS Solvents are liquids that allow a nail polish to flow and make it applicable. They also play a primary role in the dry-time of the film and in the characteristics of the dry film. The first criteria that these products must meet is innocuousness. All the solvents used in modern nail polishes belong to one of the categories of esters(ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc.), aromatics (toluene, xylene, etc.), alcohols(ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, etc.) or silicones . Ethyl acetate Toluene

13. Manufacturing Process

14. Simple Formula No. Ingredients Quantity(%) Use 1 Nitrocellulose (30% IPA) 13.0 Film former 2 Formaldehyde resin 11.0 To make film adhere 3 Dibutyl phthalate 5.0 Plasticizer 4 Ethyl acetate 22.0 Solvent 5 Butyl acetate 41.0 Solvent 6 Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) 6.0 Solvent 7 Stearalkonium hectorite 2.0 Thickening agent 100.0

15. Types of Nail-Polish There are mainly 5 types of nail polishes right now available in the market: Base coat Top coat Gel Matte Shellac

16. Base coat- This type of nail polish is a clear, milky- colored , or opaque pink polish formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail.The purpose of it is to strengthen nails, restore moisture to the nail, and/or help polish adhere to the nail. Top coat- This type of nail polish is a clear colored polish formula that is used specifically after applying nail polish to the nail.It gives the polish a more finished and desired look and may help to keep the polish on for longer. Gel- Gel polish is a long-lasting variety of nail polish made up of a type of methacrylate polymer.While regular nail polish formulas typically last two to seven days without chipping, gel polish can last as long as two weeks with proper application and home care. Gel polish can be more difficult to remove than regular nail polish. Matte- Matte polish is like regular polish, but has a purposely dull finish rather than a shine. Matte top coat is most useful for painting over any dry base color , giving it a different appearance. Shellac- Shellac is a type of nail polish similar to Gel but can last up to two weeks, invented by the Creative Nail Design (CND) Company.

17. Top brands of nail polish

18. Ideal characteristics of a nail polish It should have proper viscosity wetting and flow properties. It should have uniform colour. It should have good gloss and good adhesive properties. It should have sufficient flexibility so that it does not crack or become brittle. It should have sufficient hard surface which is resistant to impact and scratch. It should have reasonable drying time (1-2 minutes) without developing bloom.

19. Evaluation parameters Colour matching Drying rate Non-volatile content Smoothness Gloss Hardness Application properties Abrasion resistance Adhesion Water resistance Viscosity Stability

20. Packaging Glass bottles with a brush applicator is the most conventional container which is used for the packaging of nail lacquers. The capacity varies from 8ml to 18ml . The applicator consists of an air-tight aluminium canister with an acrylic fiber tip or nib which applies polish directly to nails.

21. LABELLING

22. ADVANTAGES Prevent nail from scratches Improve strength of nails DISADVANTAGES Cause cancer(majorly skin cancer) Nails become weak and brittle With continuous use nail not receive natural light so effect the growth of it Gaps develop between polished nails and cuticles Long time uses cause yellow nails Not easily removable without use of nail lacquer remover

23. Facts about Nail-Polish Nail polish originated in China as early as 3000 BC. Originally nail polish was invented from car paint in 1916. There are 311 colours of nail polish right now available in market. The world most expensive nail polish name is Azature’s black diamond nail polish,which cost $250,000 and contain 267 carats of black diamond.   In 2012, nail polish sales reached $768 million.(7680 lakhs) Neon coloured nail polish is actually illegal.   Painting nails is prohibited on some airplanes.