NanoBiotechnology, applications, nanoethics

Introduction
Nano
Nanoscale
Nanoparticles & Nanomaterials
Applications
Biological pores
Nanomedicine
Diagnostic & Therapeutic Applications
Nanoethics

1. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Awais Ahmed Khan Alam Mohammad Saad Hamza Khan Waseem Sajjad Mohammad Huzaifa Khawar Khan Trends in Biotechnology COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad

2. Contents Introduction Nano Nanoscale Nanoparticles & Nanomaterials Applications Biological pores Nanomedicine Diagnostic & Therapeutic Applications Nanoethics

3. Introduction Combination of two most progressive fields: Nanotechnology and Biotechnology Nanobiotechnology is a division of nanotechnology which uses (nanoscale) biological starting materials It uses tools of nano /microfabrication to build devices for studying biological systems It keeps exciting opportunities to bring high-impact advances in the field of bioengineering and medicine

4. Introduction Na nobiotechnology provides insight into the structural features of biological systems such as cell or tissue as well as to develop nanobiomaterials for diagnostics, therapeutics and tissue regeneration It has applications in the field of biology and medical sciences Ongoing work includes development of N anoprobes that can characterize the nanoscale structure and function of cells

5. What is Nanobiotechnology? Nanobiotechnology is the creation of fundamental materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at nanoscale (1-100nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications

6. Introduction to NANO… Nano – A prefix meaning Dwarf Simply meaning One Billionth Nano meter : Billionth part of a meter Idea was presented by Richard Feynmen The average page is about 100,000 nm thick A very fine human hair is about 10,000 nanometers wide 1/1,000,000,000

7. The Nanoscale 1-100 nm: The Nanoscale Anything below 100nm is part of the Nanoscale

8. Why NANO..? NANO devices are small enough to enter Most animal cells: 10,000 to 20,000nm in diameter Nanoscale devices can easily enter cells and organelles to interact with DNA and proteins May also be able to enter and monitor cells within a living body

9. Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Liposomes Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles (50–100 nm) They have a bilayer membrane structure similar to that of biological membranes and an internal aqueous phase Liposomes show excellent circulation, penetration and diffusion properties Dendrimers These are highly branched synthetic polymers (<15 nm) S how layered architectures constituted of a central core, an internal region and numerous terminal groups Wide application in Drug Delivery System (DDS) and gene delivery Liposomes Dendrimers

10. Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes F ormed of coaxial graphite sheets (<100 nm) rolled up into cylinders E xhibit excellent strength and electrical properties and are efficient heat conductors Due to semiconductor nature , used as biosensors Magnetic nanoparticles Spherical nanocrystals of 10–20 nm of size with a Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ core surrounded by dextran or PEG molecules Magnetic properties make them excellent agents to label biomolecules in bioassays, as well as MRI Useful in targeted gene therapy Carbon nanotubes Magnetic nanoparticles

11. Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Quantum Dots C olloidal fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (2–10 nm) R esistant to photobleaching & show exceptional resistance to photo and chemical degradation Excellent contrast agents for imaging and labels for bioassays Gold Nanoparticles Type of metallic nanoparticle of size <50 nm P repared with different geometries, such as nanospheres , nanoshells , nanorods or nanocages These are excellent labels for biosensors Quantum Dots Gold N anoparticles

12. Applications of Nanobiotechnology Nanopore Technology Biological Pores Solid State pores Nanomedicine Molecular Nanotechnology Diagnostic Applications Therapeutic Applications Tissue Engineering

13. Nanopore Technology (Biological pores) Biological nanopore sequencing relies on the use of transmembrane proteins, called  porins To create size dependent porous surfaces- with nanometer scale "holes" distributed across the membranes Properties: Specificity Capability to be regulated 3D structure on nanoscale

14. Nanopore Technology (Solid State) The biomolecular-nanopore detection technology to rapidly discriminate between nearly identical strands of DNA Single molecule of DNA is drawn through 1-2nm in size pores that serve as a sensitive detector This technology has the potential to detect DNA polyploidy and DNA mutations

15. Nanomedicine Medical application of nanotechnology Detection, treatment and prevention of biological disorders at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures

16. Applications in Medicine Diagnostic - Imaging - Quantum dots - Microscopic sampling - Detection of airway Therapeutic Delivering medication to the exact location Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells Repair of damaged tissues Oxygen transport Skin and dental care Augmentation of immune system The clottocyte concept Brain enhancement

17. Diagnostic Applications Improved imaging of the human (or any) body Nanoprobes can attach themselves to particles in the body (e.g., antibodies) and emit a magnetic field Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create a detectable magnetic field Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that are a few cells in size

18. A microscopic machine roaming through the bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for identification and determining the concentrations of different compounds Diagnostic Applications

19. A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct and attaches to the tissue surface. Diagnostic Applications

20. Therapeutic Applications Nanobiotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact location with lesser side effects Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial molecule roughly the size of a protein- would be ideal for the job of delivering medicine Hollow polymer capsules - gold-coated glass beads that are near infrared light sensitive Destruction of harmful eukaryotic organisms / cancer cells by interrupting their division process (Bc12 family of proteins) Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation , that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells

21. Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a nanorobot Therapeutic Applications

22. Therapeutic Applications Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes e.g., repair of damaged tissues Using nanotech to build scaffolds of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to and grow bones on Broken bones would heal much faster Transport of oxygen within the body by creating an artificial red blood cell

23. Therapeutic Applications To cure skin diseases , a cream containing nanorobots may be used it may: - Remove the right amount of dead skin - Remove excess oils - Add missing oils - Apply the right amounts of natural moisturizing compounds

24. Therapeutic Applications A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem

25. Therapeutic Applications Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses

26. Therapeutic Applications Emergency Management: The clottocyte concept Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with fully-deployed netting capable of embedding growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands

27. A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES TRAPPED IN THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT Natural Clotting

28. CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.

29. The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions of brain cell enhancers. The central sphere houses a computer, with a storehouse of information equal to many large libraries

30. Molecular Nanotechnology Nanorobotics or Molecular nanotechnology involves the creation of complex mechanical systems from the molecular level DNA makes an ideal material for the construction of nanomachines due to its stiffness The intermolecular interactions of DNA are well known & can be easily predicted The self assembly of DNA further facilitates its use as a construction material

31. Nanorobots: Medicine of Future Nanorobots are nanodevices used for maintenance and protection the human body Dimensions of 0.5-5micron diameter and 1-10nm length The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy Their simple onboard computers perform around 1000 or fewer computations per second

32. Nanorobots A navigational network for high positional accuracy Enable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens Once task accomplished , can be retrieved by allowing them to effuse themselves via the usual human excretory channels

33. Nanodevices for Cancer Detection Cantilever These tiny levers, which are anchored at one end, can be engineered to bind to molecules that represent some of the changes associated with cancer. They may bind to altered DNA sequences or proteins that are present in certain types of cancer. When these molecules bind to the cantilevers, surface tension changes, causing the cantilevers to bend. By monitoring the bending of the cantilevers, scientists can tell whether molecules are present

34. Nanodevices for Cancer Detection Nanopores Tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one strand at a time, will make DNA sequencing more efficient. As DNA passes through a nanopore , scientists can monitor the shape and electrical properties of each base, or letter, on the strand. Because these properties are unique for each of the four bases that make up the genetic code, scientists can use the passage of DNA through a nanopore to decipher the encoded information, including errors in the code known to be associated with cancer.

35. Nanodevices for Cancer Detection Nanotubes The nanotube creates a map showing the shape of the DNA molecule, including the tags identifying important mutations. Since the location of mutations can influence the effects they have on a cell, these techniques will be important in predicting disease.

36. Nanodevices for Cancer Detection Quantum dot Another molecule that will be used to detect cancer is a quantum dot. Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultraviolet light.

37. Application in Tissue Engineering Nanotechnology can be used to create nanofibers , nanopatterns and controlled-release nanoparticles with applications in tissue engineering Mimicking native tissues Biomaterials to be engineered is of nanometre size like extracellular fluids, bone marrow, cardiac tissues

38. Nanoethics Nanoethics concerns ethical and social issues Supporters believe that it has the potential to transform our lives O pponents fear that self-replicating " nanobots " could escape from laboratories and reduce all life on earth Commonplace ethical issues assumed Environment and safety Conflict of interest among government, industry & universities Intellectual property ownership

39. Health and Safety I ssues G reat debate regarding to what extent nanotechnology will effect human health Small nanoparticles may enter the human body but the health implications are yet unknown Nanotechnology's health impact: Nanomedicine ; as medicine N anotoxicology ; exposure to nanomaterials

40. Health and Safety Issues Health effects can not be studied b/c all studies are made on animals not humans So, difficulty in relating reactions to humans Toxicity studies using mice and rats suggest that certain nanomaterials could be very toxic Safety in handling of nanoparticles Use of implanting nano -devices in humans: i.e. implanting artificial devices

41. Medical Issues N anoparticles can be used as vehicles for efficient drug delivery to heal, repair damages Nanomedicine could h arm the human body rather than healing it Particles such as toxins that can’t be seen or easily controlled would enter the body The materials used for nano -medical technologies may be toxic Transhumanists – changing human nature itself

42. Environmental Issues Nanopollution generated by nanodevices could be dangerous M ight enter humans, causing unknown effects Whole life cycle needs to be evaluated for assessing the health hazards of nanoparticles ‘Grey Goo’ Chances of wiping out the entire biosphere by self replicating nanorobots Release of nanoparticles which may harm the environment

43. Societal Issues B roader societal impacts and social challenges Military and terrorist uses - Unfortunately, as with nuclear technology, it is far easier to create destructive uses for nanotechnology than constructive ones Fear of decrease of gap between humans and robots Patent issues

44. Conclusion Everything is like a coin, with two faces, GOOD or BAD Its on us to take Nanobiotechnology as a blessing or curse It has an ability to change the world in both ways But as a blessing it is surely going to change it in a better way

45. THANK YOU ! Questions..?