Nanobiotechnology introduction and role in biotechnology.pdf

the role of nanotechnology in biotechnology

1. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Ms. Misbah Ijaz

2. The term “ bionanotechnology” will be employed to
describe the use of biological building blocks and the
utilization of biological specificity and activity for the
development of modern technology at the nano-
scale.

3. bionanotechnologypractice is obviously not
limited to biological applications but have
much wider scope.
◦futuristic applications of bionanotechnologycould include the use of DNA
oligomers, peptide nanotubes, or protein fibrils for the fabrication of metal
nanowires, interconnects or other physical elements at the nano-scale, that could be
used in molecular electronics and nano-electromechanical applications and devices
(Braun et al., 1998; de la Rica et al., 2008; Patolskyet al., 2004a; Patolskyet al.,
2004b; Rechesand Gazit, 2003; Smith et al., 2011; Zhang, 2003).
Nanobiotechnologyis the interface of nanotechnology
and biotechnology and it includes the application of
nanotechnology in the life sciences.

5. Modern
Biotechnology
From Industrial
Processes to
Novel
Therapeutics
The activity that is described as “
biotechnology” ranges from the
production of
•biomolecules (e.g. functional proteins
or antibodies) to serve as drugs to the
development of novel diagnostic
tools that are based on the interaction
of specific biomolecules (such as
antibody-antigen interactions as in
immunodiagnostic kits or
complementary nucleic acid
interactions as in DNA-array
microchips).

6. practical distinction between the
pharmaceutical industry and the modern
biotechnology industry is the production
of large biomolecules such as functional
proteins and antibodies by the latter as
compared to small molecule drugs by the
former.
the first product of the largest biotechnology company, Amgen, is an
industrially produced naturally occurring protein denoted erythropoietin
(commercial name: EPOGEN®) that stimulates the production of red
blood cells. This product was approved for human use in 1989 by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and represents one of the very first
modern biotechnology products. Other biotechnology products
include recombinant human insulin, human interferon, human and
bovine growth hormones, and therapeutic antibodies.

7. therapeutic agents utilize the notable affinity and selectivity of antibodies to block
harmful biological processes by a directed and remarkably specific manner. a recent
example is the humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody that binds to and
inhibits the biochemical activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor (commercial
name: av astin™). this antibody-based treatment significantly increases the survival
rates of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon that is incurable by
conventional chemotherapy

8. Limiting factor of biological products
◦human interferon, a protein that has a central role in the response of the human
body to viral infection, and human growth hormone, a key regulator of normal
growth of children and adolescents. Many more proteins are now been developed
for their use as potential drugs. One of the limiting factors for a much more
common use of protein and peptide drugs is their unavailability in oral
formulation. Unlike small molecule drugs, which are commonly administered in the
form of tablets or syrup, protein and peptide drugs are usually degraded during
their passage in the digestive track.Therefore, the administration of the protein
and peptide drugs as mentioned above is limited to injections that cannot easily be
performed by the patients outside of medical institutions.

9. BUCKY BALLS AND THE OPEN-ENDED CYLINDRICAL CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS).
HYBRID STRUCTURES EXIST BETWEEN THOSE TWO CLASSES, SUCH AS CARBON
NANOBUDS—NANOTUBES CAPPED BYHEMISPHERICALMESHES OR LARGER
"BUCKYBUDS".

10. This rotating model
of acarbon nanotube
shows its 3D structure

11. A carbon nanotube is a carbon allotrope
that resembles a tube of carbon atoms.
Carbon nanotubes are extremely robust
and difficult to break, but they are still light.
Multiwall carbon nanotubes feature
several concentric cylindrical lattices of
carbon atoms.
single wall carbon nanotubes have only
one cylinder of carbon atoms.

12. BUCKYTUBE IS ANOTHER NAME FOR CARBON
NANOTUBES. TWO-DIMENSIONALGRAPHITEIS FOLDED
OR ROLLED INTO A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE STRUCTURE TO
CREATE NANOTUBES. INSIDE, NANOTUBES ARE HOLLOW.
THE NANOTUBE HAS A DIAMETER OF 1-3 NANOMETERS.

14. ◦Carbon nanobudsare a newly created material combining two
previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes
andfullerenes. In this new material, fullerene-like "buds" are covalently
bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This
hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon
nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally
goodfield emitters.
[41]
Incomposite materials, the attached fullerene
molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the
nanotubes, thus improving the composite's mechanical properties.

15. BECAUSE THEIR CONSTITUENTS ARE CARBON ATOMS, CNTS ARE VERY
LIGHTWEIGHT, AND THEIR DENSITY IS ONE-SIXTH OF THAT OF STEEL.
FURTHERMORE, CNTS ARE HIGHLY CHEMICALLY STABLE AND RESIST
VIRTUALLY ANY CHEMICAL IMPACT UNLESS THEY ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY
EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES AND OXYGEN. THESE ADVANTAGES MAKE
CNTS IDEAL CANDIDATE FOR MANY APPLICATIONS: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
INCLUDING TRANSISTORS, ELECTRON-FIELD EMITTERS,
CHEMICAL/ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS, BIOSENSORS, LITHIUM-ION
BATTERIES, HYDROGEN STORAGE CELLS,SUPERCAPACITORS, AND ELECTRICAL
SHIELDING DEVICES.

16. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most promising way to
produce carbon nanotubes on an industrial scale.
This processutilizeshigh energy (600–900 °C [1,100–1,650
°F]) to atomize gaseous carbon sources, such
asmethane,carbon monoxide, andacetylene.
The resulting reactive carbon atoms diffuse toward a catalyst-
coated substrate and condense to form carbon nanotubes.
Well-aligned carbon nanotubes can be synthesized with
precisely controlledmorphology, provided that proper
reaction conditions are maintained, including preparation of
substrates, selection of catalysts, etc.

17. Properties
1.Electrical Conductivity –Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are electrically and thermally conductive and
have a high mechanical strength. Parallel arrays of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT forests) can
be drawn into electrically conductive continuous length webs.
2.Strength And Elasticity –In terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus, carbon nanotubes are the
strongest and stiffest materials yet found.
3.Thermal Conductivity And Expansion –The carbon bond’s rigidity aids in the transmission of
vibrations throughout the nanotube, resulting in excellent heat conductivity. Because eachcarbon
atomis connected to three other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds, carbon nanotubes have
an extremely high melting point. This also leaves a spare electron on each carbon atom, resulting in a
sea of delocalized electrons within the tube, allowing nanotubes to conduct electricity.
4.Electron Emission –Because each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms by strong
covalent bonds, carbon nanotubes have an extremely high melting point. This also means that each
carbon atom has an extra electron, forming a sea of delocalized electrons within the tube, allowing
nanotubes to conduct electricity.

18. Graphene, a two-dimensional form of crystallinecarbon, either
a single layer of carbonatomsforming a honeycomb (hexagonal)
lattice or several coupled layers of this honeycomb structure. The
wordgraphene, when used without specifying the form (e.g.,
bilayer graphene, multilayer graphene), usually refers to single-
layer graphene. Graphene is a parent form of all graphitic
structures of carbon:graphite, which is a three-
dimensionalcrystalconsisting of relatively weakly coupled
graphene layers;nanotubes, which may be represented as scrolls
of graphene; andbuckyballs, sphericalmoleculesmade from
graphene with some hexagonal rings replaced by pentagonal
rings.

19. Carbon Nanotubes Uses & Applications
Carbon nanotubes are utilized in energy storage, device
modelling, automotive parts, boat hulls, sporting goods, water
filters, thin-film electronics, coatings, and electromagnetic
shields.
Because of their large surface area, CNTs have been
successfully used in pharmacy and medicine to adsorb or
conjugate a wide range of medicinal and diagnostic
substances.
CNTs have a number of unique chemical, size, optical, electrical,
and structural properties that make them appealing as drug
delivery and biosensing platforms for the treatment of a variety
of diseases and noninvasive monitoring of blood levels and
other chemical properties of the human body, respectively.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique qualities, such as high
surface-to-volume ratios, increased conductivity and strength,
biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, optical properties,
and so on.

20. ◦What elements are in carbon nanotubes?
◦The CNTs contained several elements, including Hg, Pb, F, Cl, and halogens. While CNTs are known to be produced from coal
fires of varying ranks, this seems to be the first report of naturally occurring CNTs.
◦Are carbon nanotubes man made?
◦Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a broad range of applications and are generally considered human-engineered
nanomaterials.
◦What are carbon nanotubes and their types?
◦Three types of CNTs are armchair carbon nanotubes, zigzag carbon nanotubes, and chiral carbon nanotubes. The difference
in these types of carbon nanotubes are created depending on how the graphite is “rolled up” during its creation process.
◦How are nanotubes made?
◦Techniques have been developed to produce carbon nanotubes in sizable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation,
high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Most of these processes take
place in a vacuum or with process gases.
◦Are carbon nanotubes the same as graphene?
◦Carbon nanotubes and graphene are two of the most recently discovered forms of carbon. The main difference is, the
Graphene is a single thin layer 2D film, while the carbon nanotubes in a thin film rolled like a 3D tube or cylinder.