Nanoscale, nanotechnology

What is nanotechnology?
History
Nanoscale
Manufacturing at the nanoscale
Working at the nanoscale
Size of the nanoscale
Application
Conclusion
References

1. nanoscale 1 By KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc) Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. contents What is nanotechnology? History Nanoscale Manufacturing at the nanoscale Working at the nanoscale Size of the nanoscale Application Conclusion References 2

3. What is nanotechnology ? 3 Nanotechnology is a combination of two words i.e. Nano means smallest and technology so Nanotechnology is the technology of smallest things. Nanotechnology is the science of very small things. Nanotechnology = Nano + Technology

4. HISTORY ~ 2000 Years ago- sulfide Nano crystals used by Greeks and romans to dye hair. 1000 years ago- gold Nano particles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass window. 1959- “there plenty of room at the bottom” by R. FEYNMAN. 1974- “Nanotechnology”- Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time. 1981- IBM develops scanning tunneling microscope. 1991- carbon nanotube discovered by S. LIJIMA. 1999- “Nanomedicine”- 1 st nanomedicine book by R. FREITAS. 2000- “National nanotechnology initiative” launched. 4

5. nanoscale R elating to microscopic particles of matter, devices, etc., that are measured in nanometers or microns. A scale  of measurement that uses nanometers  or microns  as units of  measure. 5

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7. NANOPARTICLE SIZE At least one dimension (height, length or depth) is less than 100 nm: A nanotube can be much longer than 100 nm, but it is still called a nanoparticle because it is only about 3 nm wide. A very thin film of material can be many centimeters wide, but if it is less than 100 nm thick, it is still called a Nano film. 7

8. PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLE Physical properties:- Nanoparticles are unique because of their large surface area and this dominates the contributions made by the small bulk of the material. Zinc oxide particles have been found to have superior UV blocking properties compared to its bulk substitute. This is one of the reasons why it is often used in the preparation of sunscreen lotions. Optical properties:- Nanoparticles also often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. One example of this is that gold nanoparticles appear deep red to black in solution. 8

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12. MANUFACTURING AT THE NANOSCALE Manufacturing at the nanoscale is known as  Nanomanufacturing . Nanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also includes research, development, and integration of top-down processes and increasingly complex bottom-up or self-assembly processes. In more simple terms, Nanomanufacturing leads to the production of improved materials and new products . 12

13. TOP 5 NANOSCALE MANUFACTURING PROCESS   T o The Advanced Multi-Scale Manufacturing Lab at Arizona State University, directed by Assistant Professor Keng Hsu, focuses on new manufacturing processes at the nanoscale, microscale and mesoscale levels, aiming to bring theoretical materials reality . Integrated 3D Solid Materials New Process for Semiconductor Patterning   Microscale Assembly for Nanostructured Metamaterials 3D Printing of Customized Shape Memory Polymers Scalable Nanomanufacturing of Polymer 2D Materials. 13

14. Nanoscale devices Nanoscale devices are devices that are one hundred to ten thousand times smaller than human cells and that can manipulate matter on atomic or molecular scales. Examples of nanoscale devices are synthetic motors such molecular as rotaxanes , graphene-based transistors and nanoelectromechanical oscillators. 14

15. NANOSCALE DEVICE AND INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEM Nanochip:- It is currently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm. Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip. MEMS based Nano chips have future capability of 2 nm cell leading to 1 TB memory per chip. Nanoelectromechanical system sensors:- NEMS technology enables creation of ultra-small and highly sensitive sensors for various application. The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection. Fuel cells:- Fuel cells use hydrogen and air as fuels and produce water as by product. The technology uses a nanomaterial membrane to produce electricity. 15

16. WORKING AT THE NANOSCALE Nanotechnology is more than just mixing nanoscale materials together; it requires the ability to understand and to precisely manipulate and control those materials in a useful way. Nanotechnology  involves  a new and broad science  where diverse fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering converge at the nanoscale. It is also important to understand that nanoscale materials are found in nature. For instance, hemoglobin, the oxygen-transporting protein found in red blood cells, is 5.5 nanometers in diameter. Naturally occurring nanomaterials exist all around us, such as in smoke from fire, volcanic ash, and sea spray. Some nanomaterials are a byproduct of human activity, such as bus and automobile exhaust and welding fumes .  Working at the nanoscale requires an understanding of the various types and dimensions of nanoscale materials. 16

17. SIZE OF THE NANOSCALE In the International System of Units, the prefix "Nano" means one-billionth, or 10 -9 ; therefore one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick. A strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometers in diameter. There are 25,400,000 nanometers in one inch. A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nanometers wide. 17

18. APPLICATION Nanoscale components have high surface area to volume ratio making them idle for the use in composite materials, drug delivery and chemical storage. Cleaner drinking water due to the creation of filters that can entrap organisms and toxins. Cleaner environment by removal of pollutants from the environment. Cheaper and cleaner energy . 18

19. conclusion Various types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles  can  be  used  in  nanotechnology -based sensors. Because of the small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical properties of the sensing elements. Nanoscale  particles are not new in either nature or science. 19

20. references https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special https://www.nap.edu/read/10395/chapter/3 https:// www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits . 20