Narration Changing and Its types : Grammar

Formulas of narration changing.

1. NARRATION Narration is simply the act of telling a story. It's like sharing a real-life experience or a made-up tale with someone else. Think of it as painting a picture with words, creating a scene in your listener's mind. It is commonly divided into two types: Direct narration : The speaker's exact words are used, and they are usually placed inside quotation marks. She said, "I am happy." Indirect narration : The speaker's words are reported without using quotation marks, often changing the tense or pronouns. She said that she was happy.

2. (i) Name of the verb outside the inverted comma is Reporting verb (said). (ii) The word on the left side of the Reporting Verb i.e. at the beginning of the sentence(word) is there, its name is Subject (He). (iii) If there is a word on the right side of Reporting Verb (after to), it is called Object (me). Object may not always exist. Explanation of Direct Narration: "I am weak to day". The sentence between inverted comma " " is called Reported Speech. In Direct Narration, the word at the beginning of 'Inverted Comma' is the subject of the sentence. What follows the subject is sometimes the 'helping verb' and the main verb along with it. Sometimes the 'helping verb' is the 'main verb’. Like: (1) "I + am (helping verb) + go + ing(main verb)+ home". (2) I am ill (Auxiliary verb (am) is present as principal verb) today. Narration Description: He said to me, “ I am weak today”. Subject Reported Object Reported Speech Verb

3. 1. General Rules Pronouns : Change based on the speaker and listener (e.g., "I" → "he/she"). Tense : Shift to the past form (if the reporting verb is in the past). Present Simple → Past Simple Present Continuous → Past Continuous Present Perfect → Past Perfect Past Simple → Past Perfect Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous Will → Would Can → Could Shall → Should

4. SENTENCE’S FORMULAS 1. Declarative Sentences Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted Sentence.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + Conjunction ("that") + Changed Sentence. Example: Direct: She said, “I am happy.” Indirect: She said that she was happy. 2. Interrogative Sentences a. Yes/No Questions Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted Question.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + if/whether + Changed Question. Example: Direct: He asked, “Are you coming?” Indirect: He asked if I was coming.

5. b. WH- Questions Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted WH-Question.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + WH- word + Changed Question. Example: Direct: She asked, “Where are you going?” Indirect: She asked where I was going. 3. Exclamatory Sentences Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted Exclamation.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + that + Changed Exclamation. Example: Direct: She said, “What a beautiful day!” Indirect: She said that it was a beautiful day.

6. 4. Imperative Sentences a. Commands and Requests Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted Command.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb (told/asked) + Object + to + Verb . Example: Direct: He said, “Close the door.” Indirect: He told me to close the door. Negative Commands : Use "not to + verb". Direct: She said, “Don’t touch that.” Indirect: She told me not to touch that. b. Advice/Suggestions Direct Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + “Quoted Advice.” Indirect Speech : Subject + Reporting Verb + to + Verb or that + Clause . Example: Direct: He said, “You should study hard.” Indirect: He advised me to study hard.

7. 5. Optative Sentences Direct Speech : Subject + said/says + comma + opening quotation marks + optative sentence + closing quotation marks Indirect Speech : Subject + wished/prayed + (that) + remaining sentence (adjusted tense if needed) Example: Direct Speech: He said, "May you succeed in life!“ Indirect Speech: He prayed that I might succeed in life. Direct Speech: She said, "Would that I were a bird!“ Indirect Speech: She wished that she were a bird. Direct Speech: They said, "May God bless you!“ Indirect Speech: They prayed that God might bless me.

8. Special Cases: Modal Verbs Changes : Universal Truths : Tense remains unchanged. Direct: He said, “The sun rises in the east.” Indirect: He said that the sun rises in the east. No Tense Change : When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense. Direct: She says, “I love music.” Indirect: She says that she loves music. Time and Place Adjustments : Will Would Can Could May Might Shall Should Must Had to

9. 1. PRESENT TENSE a) Simple Present → Simple Past Direct : He said, "I eat an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he ate an apple. b) Present Continuous → Past Continuous Direct : She said, "I am eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she was eating an apple. c) Present Perfect → Past Perfect Direct : He said, "I have eaten an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he had eaten an apple. d) Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said, "I have been eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she had been eating an apple. ACCORDING TO TENSE

10. 2. Past Tense a) Simple Past → Past Perfect Direct : He said, "I ate an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he had eaten an apple. b) Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said, "I was eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she had been eating an apple. c) Past Perfect → No Change Direct : He said, "I had eaten an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he had eaten an apple. d) Past Perfect Continuous → No Change Direct : She said, "I had been eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she had been eating an apple.

11. 3. Future Tense in Direct Speech a) Simple Future → Future-in-the-Past Direct : He said, "I will eat an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he would eat an apple. b) Future Continuous → Future-in-the-Past Continuous Direct : She said, "I will be eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she would be eating an apple. c) Future Perfect → Future-in-the-Past Perfect Direct : He said, "I will have eaten an apple." Indirect : He said (that) he would have eaten an apple. d) Future Perfect Continuous → Future-in-the-Past Perfect Continuous Direct : She said, "I will have been eating an apple." Indirect : She said (that) she would have been eating an apple.

12. THANK YOU - Sarnali Paul