National movement

a presentation on two phases of national movement of india
contains 77 slides

1. National Movement Made by:-Name: Shlok Singh Tomar and Arpit Dayal Class:-VIII-A Roll No.29 and 30

2. First phase of Indian Nationalism

3. RISE OF NATIONALISM

4. The strengthening of a common national identity gave rise to an organized national movement. People started looking beyond their regional boundaries and imagined India as a single nation and, themselves a part of this nation.

5. Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among the people .

6. FACTORS OF DISCONTENTMENT AGAINST BRITISH RULE

7. They treated India as a source from where they could cheaply obtain raw materials. India was made to pay for the upkeep of British army and wars Britain fought. Frequent famines were an indication of poverty. The attitude of superiority was also disliked. The British considered themselves of a superior race and Indians belonging to an inferior one. All these factors resulted in growing opposition to the British rule.

8. Frequent famines were an indication of poverty .

9. THE WAYS BY WHICH BRITISHERS UNITED INDIA

10. The railways ,telegraph and postal system helped people to come in contact with one another. They realized that British rule was responsible for their suffering. People from all the parts of the country came and started working together in the modern industries. By this a feeling of soliditary and togetherness developed .

11. MODERN INDUSTRIES HELPED PEOPLE TO COME CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER

12. ROLE OF PRESS

13. Press became a medium to mobilize public opinion and started to create a feeling of national bonding. The government tried to suppress them by banning such books and newspaper. These attempts however failed.

14. THE PRESS CREATED A FEELING OF NATIONALISM

15. IMMEDIATE FACTORS THAT GAVE RISE TO NATIONALISM

16. The policies of Lord Lytton intensified the feeling of nationalism. He removed import duties on British goods which ruined the textile industry of India. He made India pay for the afghan war The Vernacular Press Act of and Arms Act of 1878 imposed Restrictions on vernacular newspaper and forbade Indians to carry arms respectively.

17. Lord Lytton intensified the feeling of nationalism

18. SURENDRANATH BANERJEA FORMED THE BRITISH INDIAN ASSOCIATION IN 1851

19. AO HUME FORMED THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS INC was created to prevent another nationwide outbreak like the on that took place in 1857

20. THE MODERATES They were moderate in their objectives and methods. Some demands of moderates were:- Freedom of speech and expression. Promotion of education. A cut in military expenditure. Stopping the drain of India’s wealth to Britain.

21. SOME OF THE MODERATE LEADERS:- DINSHAW WACHA GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE

22. The radicals felt that the present ways of the moderates were ineffective. They called for stronger actions such as boycotts , strikes , picketing , mass demonstrations to achieve political reforms. The three most famous radical leaders were , Lala Lajpat Rai , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Candra Pal. Commonly known as Lal-Bal-Pal. THE RADICALS

23. LAL-BAL-PAL THE FAMOUS RADICAL NATIONALISTS

24. THE PARTITION OF BENGAL

25. Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon on 19 July 1905. The reason that was given was that since Bengal was too big , it was important to divide due to efficient administration. The real reason was however to sow seeds of disunity between Hindus and Muslims. The partition was widely criticized and the national movement instead of weakening became more organized.

26. BENGAL WAS PARTITIONED BY LORD CURZON

27. EARLY PHASE OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

28. Young men used force to expel the British. They formed secret societies to train their members. The two most active societies were Abhinava Bharat Society in Maharashtra and the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal. Some revolutionaries were also active abroad , especially in Europe . Like the Ghadar Party and Madam Bhikaji Cama. They inspired many people but were unable to involve them as the people did not want to sacrifice their lives.

29. MADAM BHIKAJI CAMA THE GHADAR PARTY

30. Second phase of Indian Nationalism

31. MOHANDAS KARAmCHAND GANDHI He was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar (Gujarat). Gandhiji came back to India in 1915.He introduced a new powerful method of struggle called Satyagraha.

32. EARLY CAMPAIGNS OF GANDHIJI

33. Champaran in Bihar [1917] : It was a movement of workers in the indigo plantations of the Champaran district of Bihar. It was against the oppressive plantation system. Kheda in Gujarat : Crop failure and plague epidemic made the life of the farmers miserable in the Kheda district of Gujarat. So, they started a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership with the demand for suspension of tax collection. Ahemdabad [1918]: Low wages and poor working conditions forced the mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.

34. ROWLATT ACT (MARCH , 1919)

35. This Act gave the government the power to imprison any person without any trial for a period of two years. Aim of this act was to destroy the national movement by imprisoning the national workers. It was a black law because it was against basic human rights.

36. ROWLATT ACT

37. JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (10 APRIL , 1919)

38. On 10 April 1919, a public meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrests of national leaders. Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also present in the park. General Dyer reached the meeting place along with the British troops. He ordered the troops to fire. The firing lasted for nearly 10 minutes. More than thousand people were killed and many were wounded. This incident is called Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

39. JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACARE IT WAS ORDERED BY GENERAL DYER

40. THE AFTER EFFECTS OF THE JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE

41. All national leaders condemned this cowardly act . Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knigthood. Martial law was declared in Punjab. People were tortured and newspapers were banned.

42. THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1920)

43. It was organized by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They fought against the injustices done to Turkey after the First World War. Its leaders put pressure on the Britishers for better treatment.

44. THE INCIDENT OF CHAURI CHAURA On fifth February , 1922 a volunteer leading in a protest march was beat by the police. They became angry and set fire to the police station in which 22 policemen died. Gandhiji was strictly against and any violence and withdrew the Non-Cooperation movement immediately.

45. SECOND PHASE OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

46. Revolutionary activities revived after the withdrawal of the Non – Cooperation Movement in 1924. The Revolutionary Leaders formed the Hindustan Republic Association with an objective to overthrow the British . In 1928 they assassinated a British police officer named Saunders. In the same year the name of HRA was changed to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association because Bhagat Singh felt that Socialism should be one of their goals.

47. On 8 April 1929 , Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Council to protest against the Public Safety Bill and the arrest of 31 labour leaders. Surya Sen organized the Indian Republican Army. Bhagat Singh , Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on 23 March 1931.

48. BHAGAT SINGH AND BATUKESHWAR DUTT THREW THE BOMB ON THE CENTRAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

49. SIMON COMMISSON (1927)

50. It was a statutory commission set up by the British under Sir John Simon. It was appointed to look into the working of the Government of India Act of 1919. The Indians were extremely disappointed because:- All its members were Englishmen. It refused to accept the demand of Swaraj. When it came in India all – India hartals and slogans of ‘Simon Go Back’ were raised.

51. SIR JOHN SIMON PEOPLE PROTESTING AGAINST THE SIMON COMMISSON

52. DEVELOPMENTS THAT LED TO THE LAUNCHING OF THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT Indians launched a powerful struggle against the Simon Commission. The government resorted to repression. Great Depression made the life of the people highly miserable. Lahore Conspiracy case and Meerut Conspiracy case created discontent among the Indians. Lahore Congress of 1929 declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim and decided to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji inaugurated the movement by breaking the Salt Law at Dandi .

53. GANDHIJI BREAKING THE SALT LAW

54. FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (1930)

55. In November 1930 , the government called a conference in London to discuss the reforms proposed by the Simon Commission. The Congress boycotted it . Only the Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha and the representatives of the Indian princes participated. Without the participation of the Congress , no decision could be taken. Thus , it was a failure.

56. FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

57. GANDHI - IRWIN PACT (1931)

58. Gandhiji met Viceroy Irwin and signed the Gandhi – Irwin pact. Under it :- The government agreed to release all political prisoners except those charged with acts of violence. The Congress , in turn , agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second Round Table Conference.

59. SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (1931)

60. In September 1931 , Gandhiji went to London for another conference . Most of the people claimed to be representatives only of their respective communities. Only Gandhiji represented the whole country. The Government refused to accept the demands put up by Gandhiji and the conference ended as a failure.

61. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1935

62. Its main feature were as follows :- India was to become a federation if more than half of the princely states decided to join it. Provincial autonomy was granted. The ministers of the provincial governments were to be responsible to the legislature. The power of the legislature was also increased. The right to vote , however , remained limited . Only 14 percent people had voting rights.

63. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level but introduced at the Centre. The Viceroy became more powerful and was not responsible to the legislature.

64. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942)

65. In August 1942 , Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement. A resolution was passed on 8 August 1942 in Bombay by the All India Congress Committee declaring its demand for an immediate end of British Rule. Gandhiji ‘s slogan of ‘’Do or Die’’ inspired the entire nation. The government’s was quick and aggressive and also responded with terrible brutality.

66. A STREET SCENE DURING THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

67. AZAD HIND FAUJ

68. An important role was played by Rash Behari Bose. General Mohan Singh was the leader of the army. In 1943 , the Azad Hind Fauj came in the hands of Subhas Chandra Bose. On 21 October he declared the formation of the Provisional Government of Independent India in Singapore. He went to the Andamans and hoisted the Indian flag there. Rani Jhansi Regiment was formed led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan .

69. INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION

70. The Muslim League and the Indian princes refused to participate in in the working of the Constituent Assembly. Lord Mountbatten came to India in March 1947 as the new Viceroy. He presented a plan according to which India was to be divided into to two countries India and Pakistan. Hindu – Muslim riots had broken out in many parts. The announcement of partition led to more riots.

71. Gandhiji kept a fast onto death to stop these killings. To prevent these killings , the Congress reluctantly agreed to the partition. On 15 August 1947 India became independent after almost 200 years of British rule.

72. HINDU – MUSLIM RIOTS BROKE OUT IN MANY PARTS OF INDIA

73. Within months of achieving independence , India went into mourning again. On 30 October 1948 , Mahatma Gandhi , the Father of the Nation was shot dead. The man who stood for peace, non – violence and communal harmony fell a victim to the forces of communalism. His absence is felt by every Indian even today. He will always be remembered as one who made his life a lesson for all ages to come - Rabindranath Tagore