Natural cellulose fiber as non absorable surgical structure Presentation1.pptx

Natural cellulose fiber as non absorable surgical structure Presentation1.pptx

1. MANIKYA LAL VERMA TEXTILES AND ENGINEERING COLLEGE , BHILWARA (RAJASTHAN) Natural cellulose fiber as a non-absorbable surgical suture Submitted by: Shashikala Patel 23EMBTT231 7 th Sem Submitted to: Meenu Manjula Mam H.O.D Textile Department

2. Introduction Sutures Are stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision. Characteristics of ideal sutures: H igh tensile strength F lexibility Minimal tissue drags Biodegradability Antimicrobial properties A bility to support the wound until new tissue growth stabilizes the injury site

3. Sutures can be made out of a variety of natural and synthetic materials. Commercially available surgical sutures from natural sources include silk, cotton, and linen fibers. Advantage of using natural fibers as sutures: Low cost Light weight nature Moderate strength Renewability Biodegradability E.g.: ramie, coconut, sisal and banana

4. Dracaena   angolensis   Family name: Asparagaceae Common name: Cylindrical snake plant, Africa spear plant, common spear plant Plant growth form: succulent, grows in a fan shape with stiff, round, smooth stems and is green gray in color Mode of nutrition: autotrophic Fig: Dracarena angolensis

5. Process

6. Fiber extraction process Material used: 10 cylindrical snake plant each with 4-5 stalks were selected Average length of stalks were 70 to 80 cm Machine used: Decorticator machine : strips away the outer layers of plant material, disrupting the cell walls and partially removing hemicellulose, pectin, wax, and lignin along with the fibers

7. Working Fig: Decorticator machine

8. The extracted fibers were cleaned with tap water to eliminate dirt before being air-dried. Lignin, gum, pectin, and dirt were removed from the raw decorticated fibers with a mechanical decorticator. The extracted fibers were cut into 35–45 cm lengths and soaked in ethanol for 2 h at room temperature. Subsequent treatment with ethanol can further remove some lignin and hemicellulose from the fiber surface. Subsequently, the fibers were dried and stored in an airtight container within a desiccator Fig: F1: raw decorticator fiber F2: mechanical decorticator fiber F3: ethanol treater fiber

9. Characterization of fibers: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to look closely at the surface and makeup of the fibers. It uses a beam of electrons instead of light. After the first mechanical decortication process, the raw fibers had a rough and irregular morphology (Fig. a and d). After a second mechanical decortication, the surface of the fibers became noticeably smoother, more uniform, and cleaner (Fig. b and e), especially when soaked in ethanol (Fig. c and f). This variation can be attributed to the absence of external contaminants, such as dirt and calcium oxalate crystals, which were effectively eliminated during the process a-d : magnification 250x and 500x of raw decorticator fiber b-e: mechanical decorticator fiber c- f: ethanol treated fiber

10. Chemical composition analysis Fibers were treated with 17.5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 25 °C for 1 h, Continuous stirring to ensure complete penetration of NaOH into the fibers. After treatment the sample was filtered and insoluble fraction was washed with distilled water. Then dried at 105 C Cellulose content calculated using equation

11. Mechanical test of fibers Single fiber from cylindrical snake grass was tested against braided silk sutures. Machine used: Testometric universal testing machine Procedure: Samples cut to 50 mm in length and conditioned at 50 ± 5% RH, 23 ± 2 °C for 24 h.  Gauge length being 25mm and speed 10mm/min Each measurement was derived from an average of 10 specimens and conducted at a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 50 ± 5%.

12. Mechanical properties   T he tensile strength of cylindrical snake grass fibers surpassed 100 MPa. For primary closure, where the skin is sutured at the end of surgery, a tensile strength above 100 MPa is typically sufficient to handle the healing process and any swelling . Following sterilization, the tensile properties of the cylindrical snake grass fibers (F3) remained intact, This is likely because cellulose, in general, is stable at high temperatures

13. Biodegradability test of fibers 30–40 mg of the fibers were immersed in a 250 mL container filled with deionized water (DI) or phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4 and then incubated at 37 °C. Samples were studied and measurements were taken weekly for 35 days to evaluate the loss in fiber weight. Each sample’s weight loss percentage (%) was determined using Eq. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of both materials were investigated again after immersion in DI and PBS for 35 days.

14. Results: Silk sutures (circle and X markers) did not lose weight in either DI or PBS. They stayed stable the whole time. Snake grass fibers (triangle markers) lost weight gradually over time : They lost more weight in PBS (black filled triangles) than in DI (empty triangles). The most weight loss happened after 35 days, and the difference between PBS and DI became significant This shows that snake fibers degraded more than silk.

15. In vivo biocompatibility test in rats 6 male Wistar rats (5 weeks old, weighing 150-200 g). Grouped in 3 Each rat was tested for its local biological response to a cylindrical snake grass fiber in comparison to a commercial silk suture (non absorbable) Each stitch was made approximately 1 cm apart One week post-suturing (study endpoint), rats were ethunazied. The sutured skin (1.5 × 1.5 cm) was dissected to enable evaluation of the local histopathological response

16. Results Macroscopic view: Day 0 : Both types of sutures (black = silk, white = snake grass) were used on the rat’s back. Day 7 : Wounds healed well with both sutures — no signs of infection or inflammation

17. Scoring of tissue reactions: Hemorrhage (bleeding) : Score was zero for both materials → no bleeding Inflammation : Slightly higher with snake grass fiber, but not significantly different Foreign body reaction : Very mild and similar in both groups

18. Conclusion T his study successfully extracted natural cellulose fibers from cylindrical snake grass for use in suturing applications. SEM images confirmed a significant improvement in the fibers’ surface characteristics after the pre-treatment process, which involved removing pectin, lignin, wax, and hemicellulose. The extracted cellulose fibers maintained their mechanical properties after sterilization. T heir tensile strength surpassed the requisite strength for dependable primary closure. In addition, cylindrical snake grass fibers exhibited biocompatibility comparable to commercial silk sutures with minimal tissue reaction. These findings support the potential application of natural cellulose fibers derived from cylindrical snake grass as an alternative source of a non-absorbable surgical suture biomaterial. Further development of these cellulose fibers could involve braiding or twisting them together to create a larger suture. Coating them with bioactive substances might enhance their wound-healing properties. Additionally, testing the fiber’s antibacterial properties and applying antibacterial treatments could improve the suture’s ability to reduce infections.

19. References Natural cellulose fibers derived from  Dracaena angolensis  (Welw. ex Carrière) Byng & Christenh. demonstrate potential as a non-absorbable surgical suture biomaterial Kandimalla, R. et al. Fiber from ramie plant (Boehmeria nivea): a novel suture biomaterial.  Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl.   62 , 816–822 (2016). Guambo, M. P. R. et al. Natural cellulose fibers for Surgical suture applications.  Polym. (Basel)  12 (2020). Kalita, H., Hazarika, A., Kandimalla, R., Kalita, S. & Devi, R. Development of banana (Musa balbisiana) pseudo stem fiber as a surgical bio-tool to avert post-operative wound infections.  RSC Adv.   8 , 36791–36801 (2018).