Nature of Sciences power point for educator.pptx

nature of science

1. Nature of Science Scientific Explanations Mr. Ollive

2. NOS1- Chapter Introduction How can science provide answers to your questions about the world around you?

3. NOS1 Objectives: Understanding Science SWBAT Describe what Science is Explain how being a skeptic can be beneficial

4. Science is the investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results fro m those investigations. What is science?

5. Fossil Dig Northern Mexico What has the exploration of fossils lead to?

6. Every Type of Technology... Is brought to you by the exploration of natural events! Scientists continually work to make discoveries that lead to new technologies.

7. Observations and Questions Science focuses around making observations and asking questions. One day Isaac Newton made an observation about an apple falling to the ground. He asked himself questions on what forces were at work. This lead to the theory of gravity and that eventually lead us to be able to create better technology and put things like satellites in outer space so that we can use our smart phones!

8. Let’s Thinks Scientifically What do you observe about the moon in this picture? What questions do you have about the moon? Why is it important to study this object in space?

9. Skepticism in Science… People use reasoning, creativity, and skepticism in their daily lives to solve problems. Being a skeptic means that you will not automatically believe everything you hear. List few reasons why being skeptical might be good for you...

10. Scientific Skepticism is questioning whether claims are supported by data and have reproducibility. Building confidence in a claim must come from collecting evidence (Basically: Seeing is believing)

11. And now some things humans are skeptical about... UFO’s Stem Cells Ghosts Vaccinations Bigfoot Crop Circles Astrology Climate Change Witchcraft All Commercials!!!

12. Review Questions What is Science? What can you do to think more “Scientifically”? List a couple of reasons why it is important to be a skeptic.

13. NOS2 Objectives: Observations and Inferences SWBAT Differentiate between an observation and an inference Make logical inferences about given scenes

14. Scientists make Observations of the Natural World Observations lead to questions Scientists use a reliable set of skills and methods to answer questions Answers to questions lead to a better understanding of the world and the invention of new technologies

15. What are Observations and Inferences?? Observation- what we sense Example- the ground is wet Inference- what we think about what we sense Example- it must have rained!

16. Make and Observation...then make inferences- Picture 1

17. Make and Observation...then make inferences- Picture 2

18. Look at these two sets of animal tracks. List 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE Just by looking at these “Fossil Footprints” we can make some simple observations that can lead to inferences. How good of a Detective can you be??

19. Make 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE

20. List 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an INFERENCE

21. Observation Vs. Inference Lab Activity

22. NOS3 Objectives: Inquiry and the Scientific Method SWBAT Describe what Scientific Inquiry is State the steps of the Scientific Method to gather evidence about a claim

23. Scientific Inquiry - Sci entific Methods As Scientists study the natural world they ask questions about what they observe. To answer these questions a specific method, the scientific method , is followed to work towards gathering evidence to either support or not support a claim called a hypothesis.

24. Observations often are the beginning of the process of science. An observation is using one or more of your senses to gather information and take note of what occurs. Observations should lead to questions you want answers too Scientific Method 1- make O bs ervations 2- ask Questions

25. A possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by scientific investigations is a hypothesis . A prediction is a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events. 3- make a H ypothesis

26. Excuse me… Can I see your ID? How to make a Hypothesis... The simple way to make a hypothesis is to say… If I then D . This is a cause and effect relationship. I has an effect on D. Example: If students study they will get higher scores on their exams. Lets try to think of some more. Can you think of any hypothesis?

27. When you test a hypothesis, you often are testing your predictions. If your prediction is not confirmed , your hypothesis might need revision . 4- Experiment (test your hypothesis)

28. The next step in a scientific investigation is to organize and analyze your data. You must determine whether inferences can be made or conclusions drawn from the data. An inference is a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience. 5- Conclusion (collect and analyze data)

29. If your results and conclusion match up with your hypothesis great! Now redo the test or have other people redo it to see if they get the same results If the same results are obtained over and over again your hypothesis is valid and well supported. 6- Repeat (If it is not reproducible it is not science!)

30. Just Remember our friend O. Q. HECR The Steps of the Scientific Method are… Observation Question Hypothesis Experiment Collect Data and Conclude Repeat

31. Review What are the six steps of the Scientific Method? What is the goal of the Scientific Method?

32. Lucid Charts Practice on Steps of the Scientific Method Flow Chart

33. NOS4 Objectives: Results of Inquiry / Theories and Laws SWBAT List some of the results of Scientific Inquiry throughout time Differentiate between a Scientific Theory and a Scientific Law while giving an example(s) of each

34. In science, you perform scientific inquiry to find answers to questions such as... who, what, when, where, or how . The practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use is technology . Results of Scientific Inquiry

35. Results of Scientific Inquiry Along with new technologies come… New Materials Kevlar (Batman Suit?) Biomaterials (Medicine) Polymers (Imagine life without plastic!!!)

36. Possible Explanations Who left the fingerprint at the crime scene? When should fertilizer be applied to plants? Are there any cures to diseases found within the organisms of rainforests?

37. Thanks to Science there are many ideas, concepts and explanations of phenomena throughout the entire world. These ideas are broken up into two main categories. I am sure you have of some of these “Theories” and “Laws” at one point or another throughout your life.

38. A scientific theory is an explanation of observations or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws Famous Scientific Theories Theory of Evolution- species change to the environment over millions of years The Big Bang Theory - 14 Billion years ago the universe expanded from an infinitely small point

39. A scientific law describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true. Famous Scientific Laws: The Law of Gravitational Pull Force = Mass times Acceleration Energy = mass times the speed of light squared (E=MC 2 )

40. Lesson 1-5

41. Questions about personal opinions, values, beliefs, and feelings cannot be answered scientifically. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.)

42. Review What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law? Give one example of each. What do we call the products of the practical use of scientific knowledge?

43. NOS5 Objectives: Ethics, Bias and Critical Thinking SWBAT Define the term ethics List several sources of bias that can be found in an investigation Come up with new ideas by thinking critically on various topics

44. Ethics- “The Science of Morality” is simply doing the “right” thing…. Ethics are especially important when using living things during investigations. Animals should be treated with respect. People should be informed of risks when taking medications

45. Critical thinking is comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it. Thinking critically has lead to many inventions and cures for diseases.

46. They took our jobs!!! Critical Thinking Challenge…. Problem : According to a study conducted by economist Carl Benedikt Frey and engineer Michael Osborne, 47 percent of the jobs in the United States could soon be lost to computers, robots and other forms of technology. Objective : Working in groups of 3-4 students you will have 5 minutes to develop an answer/solution to this problem. As a class we will go over all the group’s solutions.

47. All great scientists should be unbiased Bias- prejudice in favor for or against one thing If a scientist is bias in their investigations their results will not mean much.

48. Lets talk about commercials for a second... You should be skeptical that an advertiser is a little bias towards the product they are selling you!

49. Review What is the difference between thinking and critical thinking? How can a scientist avoid bias when testing a medicine on humans? Do you think all organisms should be treated ethically? Why or why not?

50. NOS6 Objectives: Tools of the Scientist SWBAT Differentiate between accuracy and precision Identify various tools that we will be using throughout the year List potential hazards and safe practices in the setting of a Science Lab

51. Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted or true value. Precision is a description of how similar or close measurements are to each other. Measurement and Accuracy

52. A thermometer measures the temperatures of substances. Scientific Tools (cont.) A meter stick measures distance in meters!

53. Flasks B eakers P etri dishes T est tubes S pecimen jars Scientific Containers

54. Graduated cylinders are used to measure the volume of a liquid. The unit of measure for liquid volume is the liter (L) or milliliter (mL). Scientific Tools (cont.) A scale called a triple-beam balance is how we measure mass in lab activities

55. When viewing microscopic objects or organisms under a microscope we use a thin piece of glass called a slide and we put a cover-slip on top of whatever we are viewing.

56. Microscopes , such as dissecting microscopes and compound light microscopes, enable you to observe small objects that you cannot observe with just your eyes. Scientific Tools (cont.)

57. Lab Safety Lab Activity

58. NOS7 Objectives: Using the Microscope SWBAT Label the parts of a microscope that are used the most Use the microscope to view images of cells under low and high power

59. Introduction to the Microscope Care Parts Focusing

60. Always carry with 2 hands Only use lens paper for cleaning Do not force knobs Always clean and put away microscope Keep objects clear of desk and cords Microscope Care

61. Eyepiece Body Tube Revolving Nosepiece Arm Objective Lens Stage Stage Clips Coarse Focus Fine Focus Base Diaphragm Light Microscope Parts

62. Frequently used Parts !!! Eyepiece Arm Coarse Focus Fine Focus Objective Lens Stage Clips

63. Place the Slide on the Microscope stage Use Stage Clips Click Nosepiece to the lowest (shortest) setting Look into the Eyepiece Use the Coarse Focus until the image becomes clear Always Start on Low Power

64. Once you have found an image under low power switch the nosepiece to a medium or high objective lens. Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the image into clear view Using High Power

65. Now that you know all about microscopes we are going to practice using them! Enjoy exploring a World within a World!!!

66. End of Unit 1: Summary of Concepts- What is Science / Skepticism Observations and Inferences Inquiry and Scientific Method Results of Inquiry / Scientific Theory & Laws Bias, Ethics & Critical Thinking Tools of Scientists / Lab Safety Microscopes