NCERT Improvement in Food Resources Study Materia pdf

In the pursuit of ensuring global food security and sustainability, mankind has witnessed significant advancements in agricultural practices and food production techniques. The improvement of food resources encompasses a spectrum of strategies, ranging from modern farming methods to innovative technologies. These endeavours aim to enhance crop yields, minimize environmental impact, and ensure a steady supply of nutritious food for a growing population. As we delve into the realm of Class 9 studies, understanding these key facets of agricultural progress becomes crucial to appreciating the complex interplay between human ingenuity and the earth's resources in the quest for a more secure and sustainable food future.
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1. Improvement of Food Resources
Plant food resources
Animal food resources
Crops
ProductionImprovement Protection
Agricultural
Practices
Hybridization
Crop rotation
Cropping Patterns
Weeds
Pests / Insects
Microbes
Birds
Animal Husbandry
Cattle farming
Poultries
Fisheries
Apiculture
Inter CroppingMixed Cropping
ABSTRACT 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

2. IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Food is required by living organism to meet their requirement of
energy to sustain life. The food comes directly or indirectly from
plants (crops).
Owing to present scenario of decrease in available land for farming
and ever increasing world population, it is required to properly
manage and improve food resources to meet demands of growing
population.
India is intensively cultivated and we don’ t have any major scope
for increasing the area of land under cultivation. We have had
green revolution for increasing food grains supplying and white
revolution for better efficient milk supply. However, these
revolution used natural resources more intensively and causes
damage to them. Hence, sustainable practices in agriculture and
animal husbandry is needed. To obtain high yield from farms
scientific managament practices should be undertaken.
Question based on basic knowledge required to understand
this chapter
1. Food supplies
(A) Protein (B) Carbohydrate
(C) Fat (D) All of these
2. Fodder crops are
(A) Rich in protein (B) Commercial crops
(C) Small crops (D) Crops for livestock
3. Which amongst following provides maximum energy
(A) Fat (B) Vitamin
(C) Carbohydrate (D) All of these
4. How many nutrients are essential for plants
(A) 32 (B) 64 (C) 16 (D) 0
5. Which is organic source of nutrient for plants
(A) Fertilizer (B) Manure (C) Both (D) None
6. Neem leaves acts as
(A) Fertilizer (B) Manure (C) Biopesticide(D) None
7. Growing alternate crop in particular sequence is
(A) Mixed croping (B) Agriculture
(C) Crop rotation (D) None
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Improvement in Crop
yields
4.3 Steps Involved in
Farming
4.4 Major Groups of
activities for improving
crop yields
4.5 Crop production
management
4.6 Animal husbundary 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

3. 8. Unwanted plants growing with crop are
(A) Legumes (B) Beans (C) Weeds (D) None
9. During storage the most important abiotic factor that must be considered is
(A) Moisture (B) Season (C) Wind (D) None
10. Poultry meant for egg production is
(A) Layer (B) Broiler (C) Both (D) None
4.2 IMPROVEMENT IN CROPS YIELDS
(i) All living organisms require food. Plants can make their own food (autotrophs) however animals including
humans depends directly or indirectly on plants. Food is important as it supplies:-
Energy for carrying out various body activities
Protein for building body
Minerals and vitamins, having protective function.
(ii) Crops provides:
Carbohydrate: Energy giving food
Ex.: Wheat, Rice, Maize, Millets and Sorghum.
Protein: Pulses Like Gram (Chana), Pea, Black Gram (Urad), Green Gram (Moong), Pigeon pea
(Arhar), Lentil (Masoor).
Fat: Oil Seeds like Soyabean, Ground Nut, Seasum, Castor, Mustard, Linseed, Sunflower.
Vitamin and Mineral: Vegetables, Spices and Fruits
Fodder (for livestock): Berseem, Oats or Sudan grass.
(iii) Types of crop on the basis of climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods, which are require for
their growth and completion of their life cycle.
(a) Kharif crops – Grown in rainy season from the month of June to October.
Ex.: Paddy, Soyabean , Pigeon Pea, Maize, Cotton, Green gram and Black Gram.
(b) Rabi Crops – Grown in winter season from November to April.
Ex.: Wheat, Gram, Pea, Mustard, Linseed.
Photoperiods: It is a duration of sunlight require by plants for their growth and flowering to complete
their life cycle.
Try yourself
1 Building block of body is
(A) Protein (B) Vitamin (C) Fat (D) All
2 Oat is
(A) Gram (B) Legume (C) Fodder (D) None
4.3 STEPS INVOLVED IN FARMING
(a) Preparation of land (ploughing and tilling)
(b) Sowing of seed
(c) Adding manures and fertilizers to improve soil quality
(d) Irrigation
(e) Protection from pests, bacteria, viuses etc.
(f) Harvesting
(g) Storage 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

4. 4.4 MAJOR GROUPS OF ACTIVITIES FOR IMPROVING CROP YIELDS
3.4.1 Crop variety improvement
To obtain good yield, which can be done by:
Selection Breeding

For development of various useful characteristics like disease resistance, high yield, product quality,
response to fertilizers etc. Various crops varieties or strains can be selected by breeding.

Plants of desirable characteristics are selected and allowed for cross breeding to develop a new plant species of superior desirable characteristics.
Hybridization
Crossing between genetically dis-similar plants, this may be:
(a) Intervarietal: between different varieties
(b) Interspecific: between two different species of the same genus
(c) Intergeneric: between the different genera.
Genetic Engineering

Introduction or deletion of genes that would provide the desired characteristics to crops and yield geneti-
cally modified crops (GMCS), called genetic engineering.

New crop varieties developed must produces high yields under different conditions in different areas.

Various cultivation practices, crop yield are related to weather, soil quality and availability of water but the weather conditions like drought, flood etc. are unpredictable. Thus, those plant varieties are useful which can be grown in different climatic condition. Hence, for several factors crop variety improvement is done.
(a) Higher yield: To increase crop productivity per acre.
(b) Improved quality: It varies among different crops. For eg. in wheat baking quality is considered.
Similarly protein quality in pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving quality in fruits and vegetabels etc are important.
(c) Biotic and abiotic resistance: Crop production can decreases due to various biotic (diseases, insects
and nematodes) and abiotic (drought, salinity, water lodging, heat, cold and frost) stresses. Thus, crop varieties produces must be resistant to the stresses so that, crop production can be improved.
(d) Change in maturity duration: Shorter the maturity duration of crop, more will be its economical
output. Such short duration allow farmers to grow multiple rounds of crops in an year and also reduces the cost of crop production. Besides that uniform maturity makes harvesting process easy and reduces losses during harvesting.
(e) Wider adaptability: It help in stabilising the crop production under different environmental conditions.
Thus, one variety can be grown under different climatic conditions in different areas.
(f) Desirable agronomic characteristics: It depends on types of crop. For Ex. - for fodder crops, desir-
able agronomic characteristics are tallness and profuse branching and for cereals like dwarfness to reduce chances of lodging and less consumption of nutrients by these crops are important factors. Thus, crop productivity increases.
4.5 CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Crop production mainly depends upon different farming practices and agricultural technologies opted by
farmers, but it directly depends upon money and financial conditions of farmers.
Crop production management is done at different levels: 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

5. 4.5.1 Nutrient Management
For healthy growth, development plants, requires various nutrients, which are supplied to plants by air,
water and soil
Nutrients supplied by air, water and soil
Source Nutrients
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
Soil
(i) Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur
(ii) Micronutrients: iron, manganese, boron,
zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.
Macronutrients are require in large quantity and micronutrients in less quantity by plants. For in-
creasing the yield and to maintain level of nutrients in soil, manures and fertilizers are added to the soil.
Manure

Is prepared by decompostion of animal excreta and plant wastes with the help of bacteria, fungi etc.

Rich in organic matter and also supplies small quantity of nutrients to the soil. Hence increases soil
fertility and water holding capacity of sandy soil as it improves the soil structure. In clayey soils, it helps
in drainage and in avoiding water logging, as manure contain organic matter.

Also protect an environment as it prevents excessive use of fertilizers and helps in recycling of farm
wastes.

Give long term benefits as maintain soil fertility and gives optimum yield.

On the basis of kind of biological material used, manure can be classified as:
(i) Farm Yard / Compost Manure

Prepared by decompostion of farm wastes including livestock excreta (cow dung etc.), vegetable waste, animals refuse, domestic wastes, sewage wastes, straw, eradicated weeds etc.

Wastes are allowed for decomposition in pits, it is called composting.

Compost is rich in organic matter and nutrients and used as a manure.
(ii) Vermi-compost

Prepared by earthworms through decompostion of plant and animal refuse.
(iii) Green manure

Used before sowing of the crop seeds.

For this purpose legume plants (Generally sun hemp and guar) are used, their roots contain symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria, helps in nitrogen fixation.

Plants are grown and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil.

By action of decomposers, these green plants are converted into green manure, which helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.
Fertilizers

Plant nutrients produced at commercial scale in factories.

Supply N, P, K nutrients. These nutrients are regarded as critical elements.

Fertilizers ensure:
(i) Good vegetative growth i.e. leaves, branches & flowers.
(ii) Gives healthy plants. 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

6. (iii) Gives higher yields of high-cost farming.

Several pre-caustions must be taken while using fertilizers:
(i) Used in proper does and time.
(ii) In post and pre application, pre-caustions must be taken for their complete utilization. For eg. some-
time fertilzers are not fully absorbed by plants and get washed away due to excesive irrigation etc.
(iii) Fertilizers are non bio-degradable. So, can causes soil and water pollution.

Use of fertilizers can also causes harm:
(i) Continuous use degrade soil quality and soil fertility. As organic matter in the soil is not replenished.
(ii) Causes harm to soil microbes, which are beneficial to soil-fertility.

Give short term benefits.
Organic Farming

Farming in which biological agents are used like blue-green algae and bacteria.

A farming system with minimum or no use of chemical as fertilizers. herbicides, pesticides etc and with
a maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm wastes (straw and livestock excreta).

In this system, bio-agents like blue-green algae, some bacteria are used as biofertilizers and neem
leaves or turmeric are used in grain storage as bio-pesticides with helathy cropping system like mixed
cropping, inter-cropping and crop-rotation.

Beneficial in insect, pest and weeds control beside providing nutrients.

No chemical agents are used so that doesn’ t causes pollution etc. like side effects.
Try yourself
3 Resistance to nematod is
(A) Biotic resistance (B) Abiotic resistance (C) Both (D) None
4 Manure is
(A) Organic (B) Inorganic
(C) Decomposed product (D) Both (A) and (C) are correct
Manures Ferti
lizers
Organic Inorganic salts
Produced in field itself by decomposition
of organic matter
Produced in factories
Biodegradable Non biodegradable
Relatively poor in plant nutrients Rich in plant nutrients
Add humus Do not add humus
Try yourself
5 Vermicompost is produced by
(A) Fungus (B) Bacteria like Rhizobium
(C) Earthworm (D) None
6 Organic farming is based on using
(A) Fertilizer (B) Pesticide (C) Herbicide (D) None 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

7. 4.5.2 Irrigation
Irrigation
ArtificialNatural
– By rain
Traditional methods
,
like moat, rahat Dhekli
– Low efficiency
Modern methods
like sprinkle and drip system
– High efficiency
Irrigation

In India, most of agriculture is dependent on rain. So, poor monsoons causes crop failure. Due to
scarcity or irregular distribution of rains drought occurs. It causes great problem in those areas where
farmers don’ t uses irrigation methods.

Light and sandy soil have less water retention capacity. So, in these areas crops get adversly affected
by drought conditions.

India has a wide variety of climatic conditions and water resources. So, different irrigation systems are used to supply water to agriculture lands in different area. The major irrigation systems are:
(i) Wells
- Mainly are of two types- dug well and tube well. Former collect water from water bearing strata
whereas later collected water from the deeper strata.
- Water is lifed by pumps.
(ii) Canals
- Elaborate and extensive irrigation system.
- Canals receives water from one or more reservoirs or rivers.
- Main canal divided into several branches and sub-branches to supply water in field.
(iii) River Lift System
- Used in those areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate reservior release.
- It is rational method.
- Water directly drawn from the rivers and supply to the areas close to rivers.
(iv) Tanks
- Small, storage resevoir.
- Store the run-off of smaller catchment areas.
To increase water availability for agriculture, rain water harvesting and watershed management etc. are
done. Small check-dams which stops the rain water from flowing away and reduce soil erosion are build
to increase ground water levels.
4.5.3 Cropping patterns

Involves different ways of growing crops to obtain maximum benefit.

The main patterns are:
(i) Mixed cropping:
- Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
For eg. wheat + gram or wheat + mustard or groundnut + sun flower etc.
- Reduces risk, competition for nutrients. 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

8. - Gives insurance of yield against failure of one of the crop.
(ii) Inter-cropping
- Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite patterns, i.e. few rows of
one crop alternate with a few rows of second crop.
For e.g. soyabean + Maize or finger millet (bajara) + cow pea (lobia) etc.
- For this pattern, those crops are selected which have different nutrient requirements. So, maximum
utilisation of the nutrients can be ensure without competition.
- Pests and disease couldnt’ be spread to all the plants belonging to one crop in a field. Thus, both crops
can give better returns.
(iii) Crop-rotation
- The growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
- Can be done for different crop combinations.
- Choice of crop after one harvest depends on
(a) Duration of growth
(b) Availability of moisture
(c) Irrigation facilities
- In this pattern, one crop must be of legume family to maintain fertility of soil.
- Two or three crops can be grown in a year with good harvest if method is done properly.
Try yourself
7 The method of irrigation saving water and having high efficiency is
(A) Modern method (B) Traditional method (C) Both (D) none
8 Growing same crop every year
(A) Increase fertility of soil (B) decrease soil fertility
(C) Has no effect on soil fertility (D) none
9 Advantage of crop rotation
(A) Proper utilization of nutrients (B) Keeping rise of pest attack low
(C) Both (D) None
4.5.4 Crop Protection Management

Protection of crop from weeds, insects pests and disease-prevent crops loss.
(i) Weeds - Weeds are unwanted plants in the cultivated field like-Xanthium (Gokhroo), Parthenium (Gajar Ghas),
Cyperinus rotundus (Motha) etc.
- Weeds causes competition for space, nutrients, light with crop plants and reduces growth, crop yield.
Thus, weed removal during early stages of crop growth is essential for a good harvest.
- Proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation also helps in weed
control.
- Weed can be controlled by mechanical removal and chemical treatment.
Weeding (Weed Removal)
Mechanical
– uprooting of weeds
with help of trowel, hoe etc.
Chemical
– specific chemical like 2, 4-D
are used to kill weeds selectively. 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

9. (ii) Insects pests
- Insects pests mainly attack the plants in three main ways:
(a) By cutting roots, stem and leaf.
(b) By sucking the cell sap from different plants parts.
(c) By boring into stem and fruits.
- Thus, pests attack health of the crop and reduce yields.
- Use of resistant varieties, deep ploughing of fields in summers destroy weeds and pests.
(iii) Pathogens
- Bacteria, fungi and viruses are main plant pathogens.
- These are present in and transmitted through air, water and soil.
- Crops can be protected by use of pesticides i.e. herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. These chemi-
cals can be spreaded on crops, used for treating seeds and soil. But excessive used of these chemicals
can be poisonous to many plants, animal species and can also causes environmental pollution.
4.5.5 Storage of Grains

Various biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria and abiotic factors like- inappropri-
ate moisture, temperature of storage house etc. are responsible for grain losses.

These factors causes loss in weight, degradation in quality, poor germinability, discolouration of seeds etc which decreases marketability.

Grains losses can be controlled by proper treatment and by systematic management of warehouses.

Preventive and control measures should be used before storage of grains like:
(a) Strict cleaning
(b) Proper drying in sun light first, followed by in shade
(c) Fumigation by using chemicals that can kill pests.
Moisture controll is an important factor in storage of grains. Generally grains are stored in jute bags or
metallic bins. However, large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect them from
pests like rats and insects. Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home.
4.6 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The science of rearing, feeding, careing, breeding and utilization of animal livestock is called animal
husbandry.

The word live stock refers to domestic animals kept or dealt in for use or profit eg. cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, pigs, horses and camels etc.

With increase in population, living standards and demand for milk, eggs and meat also increases. So, practices of animal based farming i.e. cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish increases.
Cattle Farming

Done mainly for two purposes i.e.milk and draught labour for agriculture work such as tilling, irrigation
and carting.

Cattle and buffaloes are important forms of domesticated animals.

There is a variety of breeds of cattle and buffalo in our country, which differ in body build, colour, forehead, forms of horns and geographical distribution. The best cattle breeds occurs in the drier regions
of the country.

Indian cattle belongs to two different speices i.e. Bos indicus (cow), Bos bubalis (buffaloes).

Depending upon the utility, the cattle are classified into the following groups: 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

10. (a) Milch breeds - Milk producing females [Sahiwal (Punjab, UP), Gir (Rajasthan, Gujarat)]
(b) Draught breeds - Used for farm labour [Malvi (Rajasthan, MP), Nageri (Haryana, UP)]
(c) General utility breeds (Dual purpose): [Kankrej (Gujarat), Tharparkar (AP)]

Milk production depends on the duration of the lactation period ie. the period of milk production after the
birth of a calf. Thus, by increasing the lactation period, milk production can be increased.

Exotic or foreign breeds for eg. Jersey, Brown Swiss are selected for long lactation period whereas
local breeds for e.g. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal shows excellent resistance to diseases. Both can be
crossed to get animals with both the desired qualities.

For better health and milk production, proper cleaning and shelter is required.

Regular brushing of animals is require to remove dirt and loose hairs.

They should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them from rain, heat and cold.

The floor of cattle shed should be slopy. So, it remain dry and facilitate cleaning.

Dairy animals needs two types of food requirements-
(a) Maintenance requirement - including food which support healthy life of animals.
(b) Milk producing requirement - includes types of food require during lactation period for proper milk
production.

In general animal feed includes
(a) Roughage - contain large amount of fibres and low nutriting value which include hay, fibre, fodder
and silage.
(b) Concentrate - is a mixture of ceral, broken grams, polish rice, cotton seeds, gram bran and oil cake,
moistened in water. These are rich in proteins and other nutrients but low in fibre, highly palatable and
easily digestible.

Cattle require balance rations having all nutrients in proper proportion.

Beside that cattles also require certain additives rich in micronutrients and promote the health and milk
output of dairy animals.

Cattles suffers from several diseases which can cause death and reduces milk production.

Diseases can be caused by:
(a) Parasites: Which may be external and internal, former live on the skin, causes mainly skin diseases.
Later including worms affects stomach and intestine, while flukes damage the liver.
(b) Bacteria: TB, anthrax
(c) Virus: Foot and mouth disease, pox

Against various bacterial and virul diseases vaccinations are given to farm animals.
Poultry Farming

Poultry includes all those birds, which can be raised under domestication for economic. It includes
chicken, ducks, pigeons, turkeys etc.

An egg laying poultry bird is called hen and the poultry birds groomed of obtaining meat are called
chicken.

Poultry farming is highly advantages as it yields quick returns, requires less space and is easy to man- age.

In general poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat.
So, improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers for eggs and broilers for meat.

The cross breeding programmes between Indian (indigenous for eg. Aseel) and foregin (exotic for eg.
Leghron) breeds are focused to develop new improved varieties for desirable traite-like:
(a) number and quality of chicks.
(b) dwarf broiler parent of commercial chick production.
(c) tolerance to high temperature
(d) low maintenance requirements 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

11. (e) reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird which can utilise cheap fibrous diets formulated by using
agricultural by-products.
Egg and Broiler production:

Chicken which are produced and sent of market for meat purpose called broilers.

Broiler chickens are fed with protein rich with adequate fat and vitamin-rich supplementary feed for
goods growth rate and better feed efficiency. Proper care is require to avoid mortality and to maintain
feathering and carcass quality.

The level of vitamin A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.

For good production of poultry birds, good management practices are require including proper mainte-
nance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed as well prevention and control
of diseases and pests. The poultry raised for egg production called layers.

Poultry fowl suffers from a number of diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and nutritional
deficiencies. Fowl pox and Ranikhet are common virual diseases. Later is very common in hens.
Where as fowl cholera, diarrhoea, coryza are bacterial and aspergillosis is a common fungal disease.

With better managament, proper housing and nutrition, timely vaccination of the chicks, the diseases can be controlled and loss of poultry can be reduced.
Try yourself
10 Useful organisms are categorized as
(A) Stray animals (B) Zoo animals (C) Live stock (D) None
11 Diet of Broiler have high amount of
(A) Vitamin A (B) Vitamin K (C) Protein (D) All
Fish Production

Fishes are a valuable and easily accessible source of food, rich in protein, highly nutritious and easily
digestible.

The production of useful aquatic plants and animals such as fishes, prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, molluscs by the proper utilization of small and large water bodies called aqua-culture.

The production and breeding of fishes by man in ponds called pisciculture.

True fishes – Finned

Shell fish – prawns and molluscs

Capture Fishing :- Fish obtain from natural resources.

Culture Fishing:- Fish obtain from fish farming

Fishes are fresh water and marine.
(i)Marine fisheries:

From coastline (7500 km) and deep sea.
Ex. Pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, and Bombay duck are common marine fishes.

Fishing is done by nets and fishes are located by satellites and echo sounders.

Marine Fish of high economic value are finned fishes like mullets, bhetki and pearl spots, shellfish such
as prawns, mussels and oyster (for pearl).

Prawns are crustacean (Arthropoda) animal. Its common species are
(a) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Fresh water)
(b) Peneaus monodon (Marine)

Oysters are bivalved molluscan animals. These are marine as well as fresh water animals. Common
Oysters used for pearl culture are:
(a) Pinctada vulgaris and other species of pinctada (Marine) 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

12. (b) Mytilus, Placuna maxima (Fresh water)

Mariculture - It is a practice down to fulfil the demand for more fishes.
(ii)Inland fisheries - (yield is less )
- Aquaculture is done
Sea water & river water
Estuaries Lagoons

Some fishes can be cultured along with rice crop called paddy culture.

Composite fish culture system is more intensive fish farming in which both local and imported fish
species are used (non competing).

In this system 5 or 6 fish species is used in a single fish pond. These species are selected so that they do not compete for food as they have different food habits. Thus, food available in all the parts of the pond
is used. For eg.
Catla: surface feeders.
Rohu: Middle zone feeders.
Mrigals and common carps: Bottom feeder
Grass carp: Feed on the weeds

Benefits:
(i) Increases the fish yield from the pond.
(ii) Utilization of complete food present in pond.

Limitation of composite fish culture system
(i) Breed only during monsoon. (ii) Lack of good quality fish seed

Steps to overcome limitations:
(i) Hormonal stimulation for breeding in pond called induced breeding.
This ensure supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.
Bee keeping

Rearing of honey bee for honey, wax, medicine. It forms cottage industry when carried out on a large
scale. It needs low investments

local variety of bee used for commercial honey production are: Apis cerana indica (Indian Bee),
A.dorsata (The rock bee), A. florae (The little Bee). A. mellifera (Italian bee).

For commercial honey production A. mellifera (Italian bee) is used, they are sting less, they live longer
in given beehive and breed very well.

Apiaries: Bee farms, used for commercial honey production.
Quality of honey depend upon - pasturage, (i.e. Flower availability), nectar, Pollen collection. Kind of
flower available determine taste of the honey.

Honey contain Levulose, Dextrose, Maltose etc sugar, Enzymes, water, vitamins (A,B,B
2
, B
3
, B
6
, C, E
& K) & minerals (Ca, Na, Fe, P, S etc.).
Try yourself
12 Fishes used in composite culture should be
(A) Competing (B) Non-competing (C) Both (D) None
13 Rearing honey bee is known as
(A) Horti cultue (B) Bee farming (C) Apiculture (D) None 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

13. EXERCISE-I
1. What nutrients mainly we get from vegetables, spices and fruit crops?
2. What is hybridisation?
3. What are manures?
4. What is composting?
5. Write one main aim of mixed cropping.
6. Name the process by which two different crops are sown alternately in the same field.
7. What does cattle feed include?
8. Which vitamins are kept at high level in the poultry feed?
9. Name major indigenous breeds of fish which are cultivable.
10. Write two advantages of bee-keeping.
11. Define aquaculture.
12. What is induced breeding ?
EXERCISE-II
1. What is composite fish culture? Write the advantages of composite fish culture? 2. What is poultry farming? Name two Indigenous and exotic poultry breeds. 3. Discuss the various measures for safe storage of grains. 4. Enlist various methods of weed control. 5. Name various species of bees which one of them is most useful and why?
EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. Raising domestic fowl for chicken, meat and egg is _________________ 2. Worms are ____________ parasites. 3. _____________ animal used for tilling and carting. 4. Before storage __________________ is done to remove insects. 5. Period of milk production after birth of calf is _________________ period. 6. ______________ adds humus to soil. 7. _______________ is growth and flowering in plants with respect to duration of sunlight. 8. _______________ increase water holding capacity of soil. 9. Culturing of aquatic plants and animals is called _________________. 10. _________________ Molluscan animals can produce pearls. 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

14. SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. Organisms preparing own food are
(A) Photoautotrophs (B) Chemoautotrophs (C) Both (D) Hetrotrophs
2. Abiotic factors includes
(A) Drought (B) Salinity (C) Temperature (D) All
3. Most important source of nutrient for plants is
(A) Soil (B) Water (C) Air (D) None
4. Manure is prepared by
(A) Microbial decomposition (B) Chemical treatment
(C) Physical processing (D) All
5. During inter-cropping, nutrient requirement of plants must be
(A) Different (B) Same (C) Uncertain (D) All
6. Long loctation period is found in
(A) Jersey (B) Red Sindhi (C) Sahiwal (D) All
7. Which is not technique of crop improvement
(A) Introduction (B) Selection (C) Hybridization (D) Feeding
8. Broiler chicken are given
(A) More protein (B) No protein (C) Less protein (D) None
9. The production and management of fish is
(A) Sculpture (B) Apiculture (C) Aquaculture(D) Both (B) and (C)
10. Process of cross-breeding two individuals of different variety is
(A) Hybridisation (B) Feeding (C) Intermixing (D) None
11. Cattle feed includes
(A) Roughage (B) Concentrates (C) Both (D) None
12. Worms are
(A) External parasite (B) Internal parasite (C) Freindly (D) None
13. Leghorn is
(A) Exotic breed (B) Indeginous breed (C) Both (D) None
14. Crops grown in winter are
(A) Kharif (B) Rabi (C) Both (D) None
SECTION-C
 Assertion & Reason
Instructions: In the following questions as Assertion (A) is given followed by a Reason (R). Mark your
responses from the following options. 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

15. (A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of ‘ Assertion’
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true
1. Assertion: It is not good idea to rely on rainfall as source of irrigation
Reason: Timing of monsoon season is highly fluctuating,
2. Assertion: All living organisms requires food.
Reason: Plant can synthesize there own food.
SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to one)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. Only One entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries of
column-II and one entry of column-II Only one matching with entries of column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Rearing honeybee (P) Pisciculture
(B) Manure (Q) Add humus
(C) Culturing fish (R) Unwanted plant
(D) Weeds (S) Apiculture
EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. Which of following is milch animal?
(A) Apis spp. (B) Bos indicus (C) Bos bubalis (D) Both (B)&(C)
2. Bees are kept for
(A) Honey (B) Wax (C) Medicine (D) All
3. Vermicompost is
(A) Manure (B) Excreta of earthworm
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None
4. BGA is
(A) Pesticide (B)Biofertilizer (C) Both (D) None
5. Fertilizers
(A) Add humus (B) Do not add humus (C) Uncertain (D) None
6. Type of irrigation method.
(A) Tilling (B) Sprinkle (C) Drip (D) Both (B)&(C)
7. Example of Green manure is
(A) Neem (B) Legumes (C) Both (D) None
8. Source of protein
(A) Oat (B) Sudan (C) Soyabean (D) All 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

16. 9. Wheat is
(A) Rabi crop (B) Kharif crop (C) Both (D) None
10. To prevent lodging crop should be
(A) Tall (B) Dwarf
(C) No relation in night and lodging(D) All of the above
SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. Livestock includes
(A) Goat (B) Cattle (C) Wild animal (D) Poultry
2. Weeds includes
(A) Parthenium (B) Xanthium (C) Wheat (D) Rice
3. Crop rotation
(A) Ensure proper utilization of nutrients (B) Keeps pest and disease low
(C) Reduce soil fertility (D) Waste time
4. Problems with composite fish culture
(A) Breeding only in monsoon season (B) competition among fish varieties
(C) Lack of good quality fish seed (D) All
5. Factors considered for storage of grain
(A) Temperature (B) Moisture (C) Fungus (D) Insects
SECTION-C
 Comprehension
Apiculture is done for producing honey, wax and medicine. The varieties used for apiculture includes A.
dorsata, A. florae etc because they sting less and live longer in given beehive.
1. Rearing of bee is done for
(A) Honey (B) Wax (C) Furfural (D) Both (A) & (B)
2. Honey bee are kept in
(A) Cage (B) Cave (C) Beehive (D) All
3. Useful honey bee is/are
(A) A. Florae (B) A. dorsata (C) Both (D) None
SECTION-D
 Match the following (one to many)
Column-I and column-II contains four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same
entries of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of
column-I
1. Column I Column II
(A) Poultry (P) Manure
(B) Livestock (Q) Broiler & Layer
(C) Organic (R) Produce egg & meat
(D) Biodegradable (S) Cattle
***** 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

17. Answers
KNOWLEDGE BASE QUESTIONS
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C)
7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (A)
TRY YOURSELF
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (D)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (B)
13. (C)
EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
1. Poultry farming 2. Internal 3. Drought
4. Fumigation 5. lactation 6. Manure
7. Photoperiodism 8. Manure 9. Aqua culture
10. Bivalve
SECTION-B
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (A)
7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (B)
13. (A) 14. (A)
SECTION-C
1. (A) 2. (B)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(S), (B)-(Q), (C)-(P), (D)-(R)
EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (D)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (B)
SECTION-B
1. (A,B,D) 2. (A,B) 3. (A,B) 4. (A,C) 5. (A,B,C,D)
SECTION-C
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C)
SECTION-D
1. (A)-(Q,R), (B)-(R,S), (C)-(P), (D)-(P) 9$9$&/$66(6%,27+ $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ