Nervous System Brain and Cranial Nerves.ppt

nervous system of human

1. Brain and Cranial
Nerves
HLTH128: Anatomy and
Physiology I

3. Terminology
Hemispheres
Gyrus (Gyri)
Sulcus (Sulci)
Longitudinal Fissure
Ventricles
–CSF

6. Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
–Thalamus
–Hyothalamus
Brain Stem
–Midbrain
–Pons
–Medulla
oblongata

7. Cerebrum
Anatomy
–Frontal lobe
–Parietal lobe
–Occipital lobe
–Precentral gyrus
–Postcentral gyrus
Functions
–Sensory cortex
–Motor cortex
–Emotion
–Intellectual
processes
–Auditory
–Visual
–Speech

11. Cerebellum
Anatomy
–Hemispheres
Functions
–Compares intended
movement with
what is actually
happening
–Smooth,
coordinated
movements
–Posture/balance

13. Brain Stem
Anatomy
–Medulla oblongata
–Pons
–Midbrain
Functions
–Medulla
Relays motor and
sensory information
Regulates heartbeat,
breathing and blood
vessel dilation
–Pons
Control breathing

19. Protective Coverings
(Meninges)
Dura mater
Dense connective tissue
Arachnoid
Nonvascular connective tissue
Pia mater
Highly vascular
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and
invaginates along cortical surface to form
perivascular spaces

22. Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Formed in the choroid plexus
Reabsorbed into saggittal sinus by
arachnoid villi
Protects brain against concussive
trauma
removes waste products

23. Foramen of Monro

24. Cranial Nerves
I:Olfactory
II:Optic
III:Oculomotor
IV:Trochlear
V:Trigeminal
VI:Abducens
VII: Facial
VIII:Vestibulocochlear
–Acoustic
IX:Glossopharyngeal
X:Vagus
XI:Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm

25. Mnemonic
On
Old
Olympus’
Tower
Top
A
Fin
And
German
Viewed
A
Hop

26. MNEMONIC
OLFACTORY
OPTIC
OCULOMOTOR
TROCHLEAR
TRIGEMINAL
ABDUCENS
FACIAL
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
VAGUS
ACCESSORY
HYPOGLOSSAL
OH
ONCE
ONE
TAKES
THE
ANATOMY
FINAL
VERY
GOOD
VACATION
A-HEAD

27. CN I: OLFACTORY
Cranial nerve I
Function:
–smell
Clinical test for
damage:
–determine whether
a person can smell
something aromatic

28. CN II: OPTIC
Cranial nerve II
Function:
–vision
Clinical test for
damage:
–tests peripheral vision
and visual acuity
Effects of damage:
–blindness in part or all
of the visual field

29. CNIII: OCULOMOTOR
Cranial nerve III
Function:
–eye movements, opening of
eyelid, constriction of pupil,
focusing, proprioception
Clinical tests for injury:
–differences in pupil size;
pupillary response to light; eye
tracking
Effects of damage
–dropping eyelid, dilated pupil,
double vision

30. CNIV: TROCHLEAR
Cranial nerve IV
Function: eye movements
and proprioception
Clinical test for injury: ability
to rotate eye inferolaterally
Effects of damage –double
vision, patient tilts head
toward affected side

31. CN V: TRIGEMINAL
Cranial nerve V
Function: sensory nerve of the
face
Clinical test for injury:
–corneal reflex; sense of
touch, pain, and
temperature; clench teeth;
move mandible side to side
Effects of damage:
–loss of sensation and
impaired chewing

32. CN VI: ABDUCENS AND
CN VII: FACIAL
Cranial Nerve VI
Function: Eye
movements
Clinical test: lateral eye
movement
Effects of damage:
inability to rotate eye
laterally; at rest –eye
rotates medially
because of action of
antagonistic muscles
Cranial Nerve VII
Function: facial
expression; sense of
taste
Clinical test: motor
functions –close eyes,
smile, whistle, frown,
raise eyebrows; taste
Effects of damage:
inability to control
facial muscles;
distorted sense of taste

33. CN VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
Cranial Nerve VIII
Function: hearing and equilibrium
Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,
and ability to walk a straight line
Effects of damage: deafness,
dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and
nystagmus

34. CN IX: GLOSSOPHARANGEAL
AND CN X: VAGUS
Cranial Nerve IX
Function: swallowing,
salivation, gagging; touch,
pressure, taste, and pain
sensations from tongue,
pharynx, and outer ear
Clinical tests: gag reflex,
swallowing, and coughing
Effects of damage:
difficulty swallowing
Cranial Nerve X
Function: swallowing; taste;
speech; respiratory, CV, and
GI regulation; sensations of
hunger, fullness, and
intestinal discomfort
Clinical tests: test with
cranial nerve IX
Effects of damage:
hoarseness or loss of voice;
impaired swallowing and GI
motility

35. CN XI: ACCESSORY AND
CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL
Cranial Nerve XI
Function: swallowing; head,
neck, and shoulder
movements
Clinical tests: rotate head
and shrug shoulders against
resistance
Effects of damage: impaired
movement of head, neck,
and shoulders; paralysis of
sternocleidomastoid
Cranial Nerve XII
Function: tongue movements
of speech, food
manipulation, and
swallowing
Clinical test: tongue function
Effects of damage: difficulty
in speech and swallowing;
atrophy of tongue; inability
to stick out (protrude)
tongue