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5. Chapter 6: Network Hardware

TRUE/FALSE

1. IBM began developing the FireWire standard in the 1980s.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 244

2. CompactFlash NICs are most frequently used to connect devices too small to handle PCMCIA slots.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 245

3. It is best to perform connectivity tests on a computer connected to a live network.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 254

4. Bridges are protocol independent.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 258

5. Cut-through switches can detect corrupt packets.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 263

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Nearly all NICs contain a(n) ____, the device that transmits and receives data signals.
a. keyboard port c. data transceiver
b. mouse port d. antenna


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 239

2. By far, the most popular expansion board NIC is one that uses a(n) ____ bus.
a. onboard c. ExpressCard
b. PCI d. ISA


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 240

3. PCIe slots vary depending on the number of ____ they support.
a. lanes c. cards
b. labels d. processors


ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 241

4. CompactFlash is an example of a peripheral device attached to the computer’s ____ bus.
a. internal c. onboard
b. external d. remote


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 244

5. The primary difference between the two USB standards is ____.
a. connector pin organization c. speed
b. security limitations d. transceiver placement

6. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 243

6. ____ is a set of data or instructions that has been saved to a ROM (read-only memory) chip (which is
on the NIC).
a. Micro code c. EEPROM
b. Firmware d. Driver code


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 246-247

7. Each time a computer starts up, the device drivers for all its connected peripherals are loaded into
____.
a. ROM c. RAM
b. EEPROM d. CMOS


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 249

8. If the ____ NIC LED indicator is blinking, the NIC is functioning and receiving frames.
a. LNK c. TX
b. ACT d. RX


ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 251

9. A(n) ____ is the circuit board wire over which a device issues voltage to signal this request.
a. interrupt c. IRQ number
b. IRQ d. RX


ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 252

10. ____ is a type of microchip that requires very little energy to operate.
a. ROM c. CMOS
b. RAM d. EEPROM


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 253

11. The ____ is a simple set of instructions that enables a computer to initially recognize its hardware.
a. BIOS c. EEPROM
b. Firmware d. Driver code


ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 253

12. The ____ setting specifies, in hexadecimal notation, which area of memory will act as a channel for
moving data between the NIC and the CPU.
a. memory range c. IRQ range
b. base I/O port d. firmware ROM


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 254

13. A NIC’s transmission characteristics are held in the adapter’s ____.
a. slot c. ROM
b. RAM d. firmware


ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 254

14. A ____ is a repeater with more than one output port.
a. bridge c. hub
b. switch d. router

7. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 256

15. ____ hubs possess internal processing capabilities.
a. Passive c. Stand-alone hubs
b. Intelligent d. Workgroup


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 257

16. Switches can create ____ by grouping a number of ports into a broadcast domain.
a. trunks c. gateways
b. spanning trees d. VLANs


ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 264

17. To eliminate the possibility of a broadcast storm, switches and bridges implement the ____.
a. RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
b. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
c. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
d. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol


ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 267

18. Switches that operate anywhere between Layer 4 and Layer 7 are also known as ____ switches.
a. peripheral c. content
b. STP d. multiport


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 269

19. A ____ is a multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network.
a. switch c. router
b. bridge d. gateway


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 270

20. ____ routing is a technique in which a network administrator programs a router to use specific paths
between nodes.
a. Static c. Best path
b. Dynamic d. Link-state


ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 272

21. ____ are combinations of networking hardware and software that connect two dissimilar kinds of
networks.
a. Routers c. Gateways
b. Switches d. Broadcast domains


ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 276

COMPLETION

1. A computer’s ____________________ is the circuit, or signaling pathway, used by the motherboard to
transmit data to the computer’s components, including its memory, processor, hard disk, and NIC.

ANS: bus

8. PTS: 1 REF: 240

2. A(n) ____________________ NIC is integrated into the motherboard.

ANS: on-board

PTS: 1 REF: 246

3. A(n) ____________________ is software that enables an attached device to communicate with the
computer’s operating system.

ANS:
device driver
driver

PTS: 1 REF: 249

4. The ____________________ indicates, in hexadecimal notation, the area of memory that the NIC and
CPU use for exchanging, or buffering, data.

ANS: memory range

PTS: 1 REF: 253

5. A router that directs data between nodes on an autonomous LAN (or one owned and operated by a
single organization) is known as a(n) ____________________ router.

ANS: interior

PTS: 1 REF: 272

MATCHING

Match each item with a statement below:
a. PCIe f. switch
b. FireWire g. cut-through mode
c. CardBus h. store-and-forward mode
d. repeater i. loopback adapter
e. bridge


1. Have no means to interpret the data they retransmit.

2. External peripheral device specifying 32-bit interface running at 33 MHz.

3. Devices that connect two network segments by analyzing incoming frames and making decisions
about where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address.

4. A switch running in this mode reads the entire data frame into its memory and checks it for accuracy
before transmitting the information.

5. Plugs into a port and crosses over the transmit line to the receive line so that outgoing signals can be
redirected into the computer for testing.

6. A switch running in this mode reads a frame’s header and decides where to forward the data before it
receives the entire packet.

7. Supports up to 16 lanes.

8. Connectivity device that subdivides a network into smaller logical pieces.

9. Uses the IEEE 1394 standard.

9. 1. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 256

2. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 242

3. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: 258

4. ANS: H PTS: 1 REF: 263

5. ANS: I PTS: 1 REF: 254

6. ANS: G PTS: 1 REF: 262

7. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 241

8. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 260

9. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 242

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe how a computer’s bus can be expanded to include devices other than those found on the
motherboard.

ANS:
A computer’s bus can be expanded to include devices other than those found on the motherboard. The
motherboard contains expansion slots, or openings with multiple electrical contacts, that allow devices
such as NICs, modems, or sound cards to connect to the computer’s expanded bus. The devices are
found on a circuit board called an expansion card or expansion board. Inserting an expansion board
into an expansion slot establishes an electrical connection between the expansion board and the
motherboard. Thus, the device connected to the expansion board becomes connected to the computer’s
main circuit and part of its bus. With expansion boards connected to its main circuit, a computer can
centrally control the device.

PTS: 1 REF: 240

2. When selecting a NIC to install, explain what an administrator should do if a motherboard supports
more than one kind of expansion slot.

ANS:
If a motherboard supports more than one kind of expansion slot, refer to the NIC and PC
manufacturers’ guidelines (either in print or on the Web) for information on the preferred type of NIC.
If possible, you should choose a NIC that matches the most modern bus on the motherboard. For
example, if a PC supports both ISA and PCI, attempt to use a PCI NIC. Although you may be able to
use the older bus and NIC types without any adverse effects, some NICs will not work in an older bus
if a faster, newer bus is available on the motherboard.

PTS: 1 REF: 241

3. Define wireless NICS. Include a description of disadvantages with their use.

ANS:
Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send and receive signals, can be found for all of the bus
types discussed in this chapter. One disadvantage to using wireless NICs is that currently they are
somewhat more expensive than wire-bound NICs using the same bus type. (Other reasons for choosing
wire-bound NICs over wireless, if the choices are equally convenient, are the bandwidth and security
limitations of wireless transmission.)

PTS: 1 REF: 246

10. 4. Describe symptoms that may indicate that two devices are attempting to use the same IRQ.

ANS:
Any of the following symptoms could indicate that two devices are attempting to use the same IRQ:

• The computer might lock up or “hang” either upon starting or when the operating system is
loading.
• The computer might run much more slowly than usual.
• Although the computer’s NIC might work properly, other devices - such as USB or parallel ports -
may stop working.
• Video or sound card problems might occur. For example, after the operating system loads, you
may see an error message indicating that the video settings are incorrect, or your sound card may
stop working.
• The computer might fail to connect to the network (as evidenced by an error message after you
attempt to log on to a server, for example).
• The computer might experience intermittent data errors during transmission.

PTS: 1 REF: 253

5. Describe several factors to consider when choosing a NIC for a workstation or server.

ANS:
Of course, the most critical factor is compatibility with your existing system. The adapter must match
the network’s bus type, access method, connector types, and transmission speed. You also need to
ensure that drivers available for that NIC will work with your operating system and hardware. Beyond
these considerations, however, you should examine more subtle differences, such as those that affect
network performance. Table 6-2 of the text lists some features available on NICs that specifically
influence performance and ease of use, such as automatic speed selection, one or more on-board
CPUs, direct memory access (DMA), diagnostic LEDs, dual channels, load balancing, power
management capabilities, RAM buffering, and upgradeable (flash) ROM.

PTS: 1 REF: 255

6. Describe how a bridge translates between two segment types.

ANS:
To translate between two segment types, a bridge reads a frame’s destination MAC address and
decides to either forward or filter it. If the bridge determines that the destination node is on another
segment on the network, it forwards (retransmits) the packet to that segment. If the destination address
belongs to the same segment as the source address, the bridge filters (discards) the frame. As nodes
transmit data through the bridge, the bridge establishes a filtering database (also known as a
forwarding table) of known MAC addresses and their locations on the network. The bridge uses its
filtering database to determine whether a packet should be forwarded or filtered.

PTS: 1 REF: 258

7. Explain why network engineers value VLANs. Include a discussion on reasons for using VLANs.

ANS:
Network engineers value VLANs for their flexibility. They can include ports from more than one
switch or segment. Any type of end node can belong to one or more VLANs. VLANs can link
geographically distant users over a WAN, and they can create small workgroups within LANs.
Reasons for using VLANs include:

11. • Separating groups of users who need special security or network functions
• Isolating connections with heavy or unpredictable traffic patterns
• Identifying groups of devices whose data should be given priority handling
• Containing groups of devices that rely on legacy protocols incompatible with the majority of the
network’s traffic.

PTS: 1 REF: 264

8. Describe advantages of VLAN trunking.

ANS:
One advantage of VLAN trunking is its economical use of interfaces. For example, if you establish
five different VLANs that span two switches, you can connect these VLANs using only one interface
on each switch, rather than five separate interfaces. Trunking also allows switches to make efficient
use of their processing capabilities. As when creating VLANs, you configure trunking through the
switch’s operating system software.

PTS: 1 REF: 265 | 267

9. Describe a distance-vector routing protocol suited to WANs.

ANS:
A distance-vector routing protocol suited to WANs is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Unlike RIP,
BGP communicates using BGP-specific messages that travel between routers over TCP sessions.
Using BGP, routers can determine best paths based on many different factors. In addition, network
administrators can configure BGP to follow policies that might, for example, avoid a certain router or
instruct a group of routers to prefer one particular route over other available routes. BGP is the most
complex of the routing protocols mentioned in this chapter. It is the routing protocol of choice for
Internet traffic, and it is used by border and exterior routers (but not interior routers).

PTS: 1 REF: 274-275

10. Explain hybrid routing protocols. Describe an example.

ANS:
Some routing protocols reflect characteristics of both link-state and distance-vector routing protocols
and are known as hybrid routing protocols. The most popular example is EIGRP (Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol). This routing protocol, used on interior or border routers, was developed in
the mid-1980s by Cisco Systems. It has a fast convergence time and a low network overhead, and is
easier to configure and less CPU-intensive than OSPF. EIGRP also offers the benefits of supporting
multiple protocols and limiting unnecessary network traffic between routers. It accommodates very
large and heterogeneous networks, but is only supported by Cisco routers. On LANs that use
exclusively Cisco routers, EIGRP is generally preferred over OSPF.

PTS: 1 REF: 275

12. Other documents randomly have
different content

13. Että Sokrates omaatuntoa saattoi kutsua nimellä "daimoninen
asia", johtuu hänen daimoni-käsityksestään, joka sekin oli hänellä
omaperäinen. Homeroksella on daimoni milloin = ylimalkaan
jumaluus, milloin = joku määrätty jumala, Hesiodos taas mainitsee
sillä nimellä ihmisten suojelijahenkiä erottaen nämät yhtäältä
varsinaisista jumalista, toisaalta puolijumalista (sankareista), ja,
kuten sivulta 31 havaitsemme, oli olemassa sellainenkin käsitys, joka
teki daimonit jumalien äpärälapsiksi; mutta Sokrateella oli daimoni
nähtävästi = jumala, maailmaa hallitseva yksi jumala. Siis merkitsee
"daimoninen asia" jumalallista, jumalasta peräsin olevaa asiaa. Mutta
juuri semmoiseksi katsoo Sokrates omantunnon.
[11] Sokrates tarkoittaa, että, jos suoritti sisäänpääsymaksun
teaatteriin, joka maksu korkeintaan oli 1 drakhma, niin monesti
saattoi kuulla Anaxagoraan oppsja esitettävän niissä
näytelmäkappaleissa, joita siellä annettiin. Yhtäältä oli nimittäin
orkheestra se paikka teaatterissa, missä koori ja uusimpain
tutkimusten mukaan myös näyttelijät esiintyivät, ja toisaalta on
tunnettua, että näytelmäinkirjoittajat usein punoivat kappaleisiinsa
filosoofein oppeja ja ajatelmia. Eritenkin oli niin Euripideen laita;
hänen säilyneistä tragediioistaan näemme sen, sillä niissä kohtaa
meitä filosoofinen mietelmä milloin koorilauluissa, milloin
dialoogisissa osissa. Vielä tiedetään hänestä, että hän oli Anaxagoras
fllosoofin oppilas, ja lähellä on siksi ajatus, että hän usein esitti juuri
tämän oppeja. — Anaxagoras eli viidennellä vuosisadalla (synt. v.
500 e.Kr.). Hän ensimäisenä lausui ajatuksen: kaiken järjestää
järkiperäinen henki, ja aikaansai sen kautta käänteen Kreikan
filosofiiassa. — Drakhma on vähää vaille 1 markka (1/100 mnaata).
[12] Ks. selit. 10.

14. [13] Tässä ottaa S. väitteensä tueksi esimerkin Homeroksen
runoista. — Niinkuin merenjumalatar Thetis oli ennustanut, sortui
Akhilleus Pariin lennättämään nuoleen pian sen jälkeen kuin hän oli
Hektorin surmannut.
[14] Potidaian, Amphipoliin ja Delionin taistelut tapahtuivat
Peloponnesolaissodassa.
Potidaia, kaupunki Khalkedikeen niemimaalla, oli heti sodan alussa
luopunut Athenasta, joka siksi lähetti sotajoukon saattamaan sitä
jälleen alamaisuuteen. Kaupungin edustalla syntyi taistelu, joka
päättyi Athenalaisten eduksi. Kuitenkin saivat he itse kaupungin
haltuunsa vasta parin vuoden piirityksen perästä. Potidaian
taistelussa oli Sokrateskin mukana, ja pelasti hän silloin nuoren
Alkibiaden hengen.
Amphipoliin luona — joka sekin oli Khalkedikeen ääressä Strymon
joen varrella — taisteltiin taas kymmenen vuotta myöhemmin (v.
422). Athenalaisten päällikkönä oli nahkuri Kleon, Spartalaisten
Brasidas; molemmille päälliköille oli tämä taistelu heidän viimeisensä.
Athenalaiset joutuivat siinä tappiolle.
Delion oli Apollonin pyhäkkö Boiotiassa. Täälläkin Athenalaiset
kärsivät tappion törmättyään yhteen Boiotialaisten kanssa (v. 424).
Sokrates otti myös siihen taisteluun kunnolla osaa; vihollisia
paettaissa mainitsee kertomus — tosin epäluotettava — hänen
pelastaneen Xenophonin.
[15] Kleisthenes oli 6:nen vuosisadan lopulla jakanut Athenan
kansan valtiollisessa suhteessa 10 fyyleeseen (oik. = sukukuntaan).
Kustakin näistä määrättiin vuosittain arvalla 50 jäsentä senaattiin l.
neuvostoon, jonka koko jäsenluku oli siis 500 (myöhemmin lisättiin

15. fyyleiden lukumäärää, ja tuli silloin neuvoston jäseniä olemaan 600).
Koko neuvosto ei kuitenkaan aina saattanut olla koolla, mutta
korvattiin se puute prytaanijärjestelmällä. Uskottiin nim. vuoroonsa
kunkin fyylen jäsenten huostaan juoksevain asiain toimittaminen ja
esitysten valmistaminen neuvoston kokouksiin, ja mikäli nyt fyyleitä
oli kymmenen, kesti tällaista vuoroa 35-36 päivää (karkausvuosina
38-39 p.). Tointa kutsuttiin prytaneiaksi ja sitä toimittavan fyyleen
jäseniä prytaaneiksi. Heidän virkahuoneenaan oli skias l. tholos,
jossa he myöskin söivät valtion kustannuksella. He kutsuivat kokoon
sekä neuvoston että myöskin kansan. Keskuudestaan määräsivät he
arpomalla itselleen kuksikin päiväksi eri esimiehen, jolla oli
hallussaan avaimet valtion aarteistoon ja arkistoon sekä Athenan
valtionsinetti, ja oli tämä itseoikeutettu esimies myös hänen
päivänään pidetyissä neuvoston- ja kansankokouksissa (vasta
myöhemmin tapahtui tässä kohden muutos).
Mainittu esimiehyys osui Sokrateelle siksi päiväksi, jolloinka
Athenalaiset kansankokouksessa tuomitsivat samalla äänestyksellä
kuolemaan "kaikki ne kymmenen strateegia, jotka eivät olleet
korjuuseen ottaneet meritaistelussa kuolleita sotureja." Tätä
menetystä katsoi Sokrates laittomaksi ja paneutui sitä vastaan,
mutta menestyksettä, sillä muista prytaaneista ei kukaan häneen
yhtynyt. Itse asiassa olikin strateegien tuomitseminen kolmin kerroin
laitonta. Sillä ensiksi ei kansankokouksella ollut valtaa tuomita heitä,
vaan olivat he kansantuomioistuinten tuomittavia, ja toiseksi oli
laeissa määräys, ett'ei samalla äänestyksellä saanut useampia
yht'aikaa tuomita; kolmanneksi ei strateegeille suotu, niinkuin olisi
pitänyt, tarpeellista aikaa puolustukseen.
Taistelu, jota tarkoitetaan, oli taistelu Arginusisten saarten luona,
missä Athenalaiset v. 406 voittivat Spartalaisten laivaston.

16. Athenalaisten puolella oli johto ollut kahdeksan strateegin käsissä —
kaikkiaan oli strateegeja kymmenen ja he muodostivat Athenan
sotalaitoksen esimieskolleegion — ja heitä oli myrsky estänyt
täyttämästä velvollisuuttaan niitä kansalaisia kohtaan, jotka
taistelussa olivat henkensä menettäneet. Heitä yhtäkaikki syytettiin
tästä, ja seurauksena oli, että kuusi heistä sai päällään maksaa
luonnon epäsuopeuden (kaksi heistä ei laisinkaan palannut
Athenaan, ja välttivät he sen kautta kuoleman).
Huomattava on, ett'ei meidän tekstikohtamme esitä tapausta aivan
tarkalleen, sikäli kuin Sokrates tasaluvuin puhuu kymmenen
strateegin tuomitsemisesta.
[16] Nämät ilmianto ja korjuuseen saatto olivat kaksi erinäistä,
yleisyydestä poikkeavaa tapaa saattaa toista tuomiolle. Molempia
käytettiin ainoastaan, jos rikos oli ilmeinen. Mitään haastetta ei
silloin annettu rikolliselle; myöskin sai hän suoraa päätä, ell'ei
hänellä ollut tarpeellisia takaajia, marssia vankeuteen ja siellä
odottaa tuomiotaan. Erotuksena oli vain, että, kun ilmiantoa
käytettiin, niin kantaja vain ilmoitti rikollisen asianomaiselle
virkamiehelle, jonka työksi sitten itse vangitseminen jäi, sen sijaan
kuin korjuuseen saatto tuli käytäntöön, jos itse kantaja kävi
rikolliseen käsiksi ja kuljetti hänet virkamiehen luo.
[17] Kriton oli varakas Athenalainen, joka piti hyvin tarkkaa huolta
omaisuudestaan. Hän oli jokseenkin saman-ikäinen kuin Sokrates
sekä oli ollut nuoruudestaan asti tämän hartaimpia ystäviä. Vaikk'ei
hänellä ollut erityistä synnynnäistä taipumusta filosofliaan, näkyy
hän kuitenkin Sokrateen vaikutuksesta sitä harrastaneen, vieläpä
kerrotaan hänen kyhänneenkin filosoofisia kirjoitelmia. Mutta vielä
suurempaa ihastusta ja harrastusta herättivät hänessä Sokrateen

17. käytännölliset elämänohjeet — käytännöllinen filosofiia. Kun Sokrates
oli tuomittu kuolemaan, niin valmisti hän tälle tilaisuuden
pakenemaan vankilasta ja siten välttämään pahantekijänkuolemaa.
Mutta Sokrates hylkäsi hänen hyväntahtoisen suunnitelmansa,
selittäen hänelle, että kansalaisen ensi velvollisuus on totella lakeja.
Sokrateen keskustelun hänen kanssaan on Platon meille säilyttänyt
"Kriton" nimisessä dialoogissaan, joka sekä historialliselta
perustaltaan että aatesisällykseltään on läheisimmässä yhteydessä
tämän teoksen kanssa.
[18] Sphettolainen = kotoisin Sphettos deemoksesta. Paitsi
fyyleisiin jakaantui Athenan kansa vielä deemoksiin. Nämät, jotka
olivat paikallisia kokonaisuuksia, olivat vastoin edellisiä kunnallisia
laitelmia, ja oli niitä monta kertaa enemmän. Kleistheneen mainitaan
tasoittaneen niiden luvun 100:ksi sekä jakaneen ne eri fyyleitä kohti
siten, että kukin fyylee käsitti 10 sellaista; tämä määrä lisääntyi
kuitenkin vähitellen, läheten lopulta kahtasataa.
[19] Aiskhines oli Sokrateen merkillisimpiä oppilaita. Hänen
tiedetään kirjoittaneen joukon iloisia ja havainnollisia dialoogeja.
[20] Kephisialainen — Kephisia deemoksesta.
[21] Epigenes esiintyy Xenophonin "Sokrateen muistelmissa",
missä Sokrates suosittaa hänelle voimistelua.
[22] Theageesta kertoo Platon toisaalla, että hänellä oli heikko
terveys ja että hänen sen vuoksi täytyi pysyttäytyä erillään
valtiontoimista.
[23] Platon = filosoofi.

18. [24] Apollodoros oli sen mukaan, kuin Platon "Symposionissa" ja
"Phaidonissa" hänet esittää, kiihkeästi innostunut Sokrateesen.
Hänellä olikin tästä liikanimi manikós (= intoileva).
[25] Kummallakin asian-osaisella oli tavallisesti määrätty aikansa,
jonka hän (ja hänen avustajansa) sai puhua; enempi puhe oli
mahdollinen vain, jos toinen luovutti hänelle siihen osan omasta
ajastaan, kuten nyt tässä Sokrates on valmis Anytokselle tekemään
(syrjään astumaan).
[26] Tuomioistuin, joka Sokrateen asian käsitteli, oli n.s. heliaia eli
kansantuomioistuin. Kansantuomareina olivat teoriiassa kaikki
kansalais-arvossa olevat 30 vuotta täyttäneet Athenalaiset,
käytännössä kuitenkin vain ne näistä, jotka olivat käyneet siksi
ilmoittautumassa. He muodostivat 10 osastoa, joissa oli kussakin
(varajäsenten kanssa) 500 jäsentä. Niistä käytettiin yhtä tai
useampia — välistäpä ei tarvittu kokonaistakaan — aina sen
mukaan, miten tärkeä-arvoinen oikeudenkäynti oli, ja siksi on
istuvain tuomarien lukumäärä lähteissä hyvin vaihteleva (200, 400,
500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 ja 2,500).
Sokrateella oli tuomareita 500. Diogenes Laerteelainen mainitsee
nim., että Sokrateen langettamista äänesti 281, ja puheessaan
Sokrates itse sanoo, että, jos 30 miestä olisi toisin äänestänyt, niin
olisi hän päässyt vapaaksi; siis olisi sen mukaan 221 (= 281-60)
äänestänyt Sokrateen vapauttamista ja kokonaissumma noussut
502:teen. Kun tasainen luku 500 kuitenkin on todennäköisempi, on
otaksuttavaa, että Sokrates tässäkin kohden umpimäärin puhuu
30:stä äänestä 31:den sijasta, joka äänimäärä antaa meille luvut 281
ja 219 sekä kokonaissumman 500.

19. [27] Jos Meletos olisi yksinänsä esiintynyt syyttäjänä, niin ei edes
viides osa tuomareista (tässä = 100 tuomaria) olisi äänestänyt
hänen hyväkseen. Mutta silloin olisi häntä kohdannut lain määräämä
rangaistus: hän olisi saanut sakkoja tuhat drakhmaa (= lähemmä
1,000 markkaa) ynnä kadottanut oikeuden viedä ihmisiä tuomiolle.
[28] Prytaneion — uudempi Akropoliin juurella etelän puolella.
Täällä söivät eräät papilliset virkamiehet, joita valtio elätti. Samoin
söivät siellä valtion kustannuksella ulkovaltain lähettiläät ynnä joukko
muita vieraita. Näinä viimemainittuina olivat joko ne kansalaiset,
jotka itse olivat erityisesti ansioituneet valtion suhteen (esim.
voittaneet Kreikan juhlaleikkilöissä) tai joiden (esi-)isäin laita oli ollut
se. Tällainen "ruokakumppanuus" prytaneionissa kävi suurimmasta
arvon tunnustuksesta.
[29] 30 hopeamnaata — likemmä 3,000 markkaa. Ks. selit. 4.
[30] Päällysmiehillään tarkoittaa Sokrates yksitoistamiehistön
virkakuntaa. Tämän hallussa oli valtion vankilat ja se piti huolen
tuomittujen ruumiinrangaistusten toimeenpanosta.
[31] Tavallinen tapa, jolla tuomareita puhuteltiin, oli: "tuomarit!"
Tämän sijasta on kuitenkin Sokrates pitkin matkaa käyttänyt
puhuttelua: "Athenalaiset!", joka puhuttelutapa tuli
kansankokouksissa käytäntöön. Nyt hän kuitenkin lausuu:
"tuomarit!". Syy, miksikä hän ennen ei ole sitä tehnyt, on selvä: hän
on tahtonut säästää mainittua sanaa "tuomari", kunnes kävisi
selväksi, mihin määrään sitä todellisuudessa voi tuomareista käyttää.
Sen nimityksen saavat nyt osalleen vain ne, jotka (molemmilla
kerroilla) ovat äänestäneet hänen hyväkseen.

20. [32] Minos, Radamanthys ja Aiakos olivat uskontarujen mukaan
manalan tuomarit. Kun ihminen kuoli, niin joutui hänen sielunsa
heidän tutkittavakseen ja sai heiltä tuomion sen mukaan, miten he
havaitsivat hänen maailman ilmoilla eläneen; hurskaat he laskivat
"autuasten saarille", jumalattomille taas määräsivät eri rangaistuksia.
Niinpä esim. Sisyphos, joka oli vehkeillyt jumalia vastaan, sai
rangaistukseksi alati vierittää kallionmöhkälettä mäkeä myöten ylös;
kun hän juuri oli pääsemässä mäen päälle, vyöryi se aina alas, ja oli
hänen taas uudestaan alkaminen. — Mainittujen kolmen tuomarin
lisäksi nimittää Sokrates (Platon) vielä neljännen, Triptolemoksen.
Tämä mies tavataan Demeter thesmophoroksen taruissa; hän
esiintyy niissä maanviljelyksen ja siitä nousevan sivistyksen
levittäjänä. Manalan tuomarina ei häntä sen sijaan muualla mainita
kuin tässä. Yleensä käsittelee Platon myyttejä hyvin vapaasti, ja siltä
kannalta on selitettävä myös tämä tuomarien 4-luku.
[33] Orpheus ja Musaios kävivät Kreikan varhaimmista
runoilijoista. Orpheuksen kerrotaan laulaneen ja soittaneen niin, että
kuollut luontokin alkoi elää ja rientää häntä kuulemaan (verrattava
suomalaisten Väinämöiseen). Hänen nimellään kävi joukko lauluja,
mutta valheellisesti; ne olivat nähtävästi vasta myöhempinä aikoina
syntyneet Dionysos-palveluksen keskuudessa, niinkuin itse
Orpheuskin on katsottava vain tämän palveluksen olennoimaksi. —
Musaios mainittiin Orpheuksen oppilaaksi. Sama on tietysti sanottava
hänenkin persoonansa historiallisesta todenperäisyydestä.
[34] Hesiodos kävi didaktisen epoksen isästä ja pääedustajasta,
niinkuin Homeros sankariepoksen. Hän oli Boiotialainen ja eli noin
750-700 e.Kr. — joli'ei nimittäin hänen persoonansa laita ole sama
kuin Homeroksen.

21. [35] Palamedes oli Homeroksen mukaan kuninkaanpoika
Euboiasta ja maineessa viisautensa vuoksi. Myöhempi taru tiesi
hänestä kertoa, että Kreikan sotajoukko kivitti hänet Troiassa
kuolijaaksi, sittenkuin Odysseus oli saattanut hänet syyttömästi
epäluulon alaiseksi.
[36] Aias oli Homeroksen sankareita hänkin, kotoisin Salamiin
saarelta. Iliadin aineistoa käsittelevä "Pikku Ilias" niminen epos lauloi
hänen traagillisesta lopustaan, ja on se aiheena myöskin Sophokleen
"Aias mastigophoros" tragediiassa. Kreikkalaiset ovat siinä
tuominneet Akhilleuksen aseet Odysseukselle eikä hänelle, jonka
kostoksi hän päättää surmata vääryydentekijänsä. Mutta Athene
jumalatar estää hänet siitä sumentamalla hänen järkensä, niin että
hän vihamiestensä sijasta syöksyykin Kreikkalaisten yhteiskarjan
kimppuun ja tuhoo sen. Kun hän sitten jälleen tulee tajuntaansa, niin
hän käsittää, että hänen on valittava kahden välillä: joko antautua
häpeällisen rangaistuksen alaiseksi tai itsensä surmaamalla pelastaa
sankarimaineensa. Hän valitsee jälkimäisen ja työntyy miekkaansa.
[37] = Agamemnon, Kreikkalaisten ylipäällikkö Troian sodassa.
Hänet mainitsee Sokrates niinkuin myös Odysseuksen ja Sisyphoksen
erinomaisen älynsä vuoksi.
[38] Ks. selit. 32.

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