neuroscience normal working in todays.ppt

health care

1. IV.IV.NeuroscienceNeuroscience
The relationship between brain The relationship between brain
and behavior.and behavior.

2. A. Earliest work...A. Earliest work...

Brain/body and behavior connection.Brain/body and behavior connection.
–Hippocrates: brain injury and behaviorHippocrates: brain injury and behavior
–Phrenology (Franz Gall – 1800’s)Phrenology (Franz Gall – 1800’s)

What does your skull say about you?What does your skull say about you?

3. B. The body’s basic communication B. The body’s basic communication
network.network.

The nervous system:The nervous system:

1. “Communication system”. 1. “Communication system”.

Encounter a bear in the woods.....Encounter a bear in the woods.....

Coordinates the body and environment.Coordinates the body and environment.
–““Electrochemical”Electrochemical”

receives messagesreceives messages

organizes messagesorganizes messages

sends out messagessends out messages

4. B. The body’s basic communication B. The body’s basic communication
network.network.

2. Two components:2. Two components:
–a. Central Nervous System (CNS)a. Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord.Brain and spinal cord.

6. B. The body’s basic B. The body’s basic
communication networkcommunication network
2. Two components:2. Two components:
–b. Peripheral Nervous System.b. Peripheral Nervous System.

Connects CNS with rest of body.Connects CNS with rest of body.

Controls skeletal movement and internal Controls skeletal movement and internal
organs.organs.

7. Nervous System
Central
(brain and
spinal cord)
Nervous
system
Autonomic (controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands)
Skeletal (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic
(arousing)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
Peripheral

8. C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural
CommunicationCommunication

THE NEURON THE NEURON
–Nerve or Neuron?Nerve or Neuron?
–A A neuron neuron is a single nerve cellis a single nerve cell
–A nerve is a bundle of neuronsA nerve is a bundle of neurons
Nerve cell - most basic component.Nerve cell - most basic component.
Information carrier and integrator.Information carrier and integrator.
“ “Talks” to other cells, muscles, etc.Talks” to other cells, muscles, etc.

1. 1. 3 different kinds of neurons3 different kinds of neurons::
–Sensory: Sensory: receivingreceiving
–Interneuron: Interneuron: organizingorganizing
–Motor:Motor: sendingsending

9. 2. Structure of a Neuron2. Structure of a Neuron

10. C. Basic Building Blocks of C. Basic Building Blocks of
Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

2. Structure of neuron:2. Structure of neuron:
–DendritesDendrites receive signals. receive signals.

Carry info to Carry info to cell bodycell body..
–Cell bodyCell body synthesizes these signals. synthesizes these signals.
–Signal travels down Signal travels down axonaxon..

Away from Away from cell bodycell body..
–Helped along by Helped along by myelin sheathmyelin sheath..

Made up of Made up of glial cellsglial cells..

11. C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural
CommunicationCommunication

3. How neurons communicate.3. How neurons communicate.

a. Chemistry-to-electricity process.a. Chemistry-to-electricity process.
–WithinWithin neuron part: neuron part:
–Neuron at rest – electrically charged.Neuron at rest – electrically charged.

Resting potential. Resting potential.

Ions exist outside/inside of cell membrane.Ions exist outside/inside of cell membrane.

More negative ions inside of membrane.More negative ions inside of membrane.
–Gets stimulated (by light, heat, pressure, Gets stimulated (by light, heat, pressure,
chemicals from other neurons).chemicals from other neurons).

12. C. Basic Building Blocks of C. Basic Building Blocks of
Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

3. How neurons communicate (with neuron).3. How neurons communicate (with neuron).

a. Chemistry-to-electricity process.a. Chemistry-to-electricity process.
–Positive ions move into cell – if strong enough – Positive ions move into cell – if strong enough –
causes depolarizationcauses depolarization

FIRES!FIRES!
–But – strong enough means must reach:But – strong enough means must reach:
–ThresholdThreshold 
–Fires signal/electric impulse down axon Fires signal/electric impulse down axon 

called called Action potentialAction potential..

““All-or-none process”All-or-none process”

14. C. Basic Building Blocks of C. Basic Building Blocks of
Neural CommunicationNeural Communication

3. How neurons communicate.3. How neurons communicate.

b. Importance of neurotransmitters.b. Importance of neurotransmitters.
((BetweenBetween neuron communication). neuron communication).

Synapse: Synapse: Junction between axon tip of sending Junction between axon tip of sending
neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron. neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron.
Synaptic GapSynaptic Gap - tiny gap between neurons. - tiny gap between neurons.

Action potential fires, travels down axon – releases Action potential fires, travels down axon – releases 

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters - chemical messengers - chemical messengers 
cross the synaptic gap, binds to sites on receiving cross the synaptic gap, binds to sites on receiving
neuron.neuron.

17. 3. How neurons 3. How neurons
communicatecommunicate

a. Importance of Neurotransmitters.a. Importance of Neurotransmitters.
Found in different places, do different jobs.Found in different places, do different jobs.
- Acetylcholine (learning, memory, muscle contraction,)- Acetylcholine (learning, memory, muscle contraction,)
- Endorphins (mood/pain)- Endorphins (mood/pain)
- Dopamine (smooth movement)- Dopamine (smooth movement)
- - Norepinephrine (alertness, arousal)
- Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep)

18. 3. How neurons 3. How neurons
communicatecommunicate

c. Neurotransmitters and drugs.c. Neurotransmitters and drugs.
Agonist: EXCITES.
Drug/toxin mimics the effects of
neurotransmitter, or heightens activity of
neurotransmitters.
Antagonists: INHIBITS
Drug/toxin that inhibits or blocks release of
neurotransmitters.
Examples:

19. 
Influence of drugs on Influence of drugs on
neurotransmitters:neurotransmitters:

Importance of Importance of REUPTAKEREUPTAKE..
–Agonists heighten neurotransmitter Agonists heighten neurotransmitter
activity by blocking reuptake of the activity by blocking reuptake of the
chemical.chemical.

Examples: CocaineExamples: Cocaine

20. COCAINECOCAINE

21. D. BrainD. Brain

2. Structure2. Structure

a. Lower Level a. Lower Level
–BrainstemBrainstem: oldest, innermost region: oldest, innermost region

controls arousal.controls arousal.
–ThalamusThalamus: “switchboard”: “switchboard”
–CerebellumCerebellum: little brain: little brain

coordinates movement and balancecoordinates movement and balance

22. The Brain

23. 2a. Lower level brain 2a. Lower level brain
structurestructure
–Limbic systemLimbic system: :

amygdala - aggression, fearamygdala - aggression, fear

hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, sexual hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, sexual
behavior.behavior.
–““reward center”reward center”

hippocampus - memory.hippocampus - memory.

24. The Limbic System

25. 2. Structure of brain:2. Structure of brain:
a. Lower Level a. Lower Level

26. 2. Structure of Brain:2. Structure of Brain:
b. Cerebral Cortexb. Cerebral Cortex

1. “Bark” of the brain1. “Bark” of the brain

29. 2. Structure of Brain:2. Structure of Brain:
b. Cerebral Cortexb. Cerebral Cortex

2. Function of 4 Lobes:2. Function of 4 Lobes:
FrontaFrontal: Motor Cortexl: Motor Cortex
Specific areas stimulate movement.Specific areas stimulate movement.
ParietalParietal: Sensory Cortex: Sensory Cortex
Receives information from skin and Receives information from skin and
body parts (touch/movement).body parts (touch/movement).

30. 2. Structure of Brain:2. Structure of Brain:
b. Cerebral Cortexb. Cerebral Cortex

2. Functions of 4 Lobes, cont’d.2. Functions of 4 Lobes, cont’d.
OccipitalOccipital: processes visual information, : processes visual information,
sends it elsewhere to be decoded.sends it elsewhere to be decoded.
TemporalTemporal: processes sound.: processes sound.
Sensory and motor cortex, and visual Sensory and motor cortex, and visual
and auditory areas take up 1/4 of brain.and auditory areas take up 1/4 of brain.

31. 2. Structure of Brain:2. Structure of Brain:
b. Cerebral Cortexb. Cerebral Cortex

Association AreasAssociation Areas::
Other “3/4” of cerebral cortex.Other “3/4” of cerebral cortex.
Integrates, interprets, acts on information.Integrates, interprets, acts on information.
(i.e. important to communication).(i.e. important to communication).
Areas and their associated behaviors have Areas and their associated behaviors have
been identified based on what happens been identified based on what happens
when those areas are damaged.when those areas are damaged.

32. B. Association AreasB. Association Areas
Frontal Lobe:Frontal Lobe:
- cannot plan or judge.- cannot plan or judge.
- alters personality - Phinneas Gage- alters personality - Phinneas Gage
- speech production- - speech production- Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Temporal Lobe:Temporal Lobe:
- can’t recognize faces.- can’t recognize faces.
- speech understanding - - speech understanding - Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area

34. C. Two Hemispheres of C. Two Hemispheres of
BrainBrain

Brain’s sides (left and right) serve Brain’s sides (left and right) serve
different purposes.different purposes.
Stroke?
Damage to left side - reading, writing,
speaking, understanding.
- considered “major”, verbal hemisphere
Damage to right side - not as dramatic

35. C. Two Hemispheres of C. Two Hemispheres of
BrainBrain

Important - how sides Important - how sides
communicate with each communicate with each
other.other.
–Corpus CallosumCorpus Callosum: :
bundle of neural fibers bundle of neural fibers
connecting both sides, connecting both sides,
carries messages carries messages
between them. between them.
–If severed, If severed,
demonstrates how both demonstrates how both
sides work together.sides work together.
Corpus callosum

37. c. Two Hemispheres of c. Two Hemispheres of
BrainBrain

Talents of each hemisphere.Talents of each hemisphere.
Right: Right: perceptualperceptual
picture recognitionpicture recognition
emotion, expression, creativityemotion, expression, creativity
Left: Left: speaking, calculating numbersspeaking, calculating numbers
word recognitionword recognition
analytical, logicalanalytical, logical

38. ConclusionsConclusions

There is no psychology without There is no psychology without
biology.biology.

From the neuron to the brain:From the neuron to the brain:
–How information/stimuli are taken in, How information/stimuli are taken in,
integrated, and responses (behavior) are integrated, and responses (behavior) are
generated based on the body’s generated based on the body’s
communication system – nervous communication system – nervous
system.system.

39. Neural Systems
Neural Networks
interconnected neural
cells
with experience,
networks can learn
Neurons in the brain
connect with one
another to form networks
The brain learns by modifying
certain connections in
response to feedback