viii Preface
online pdf of the 2004 conference program found the words “technology” on 50
out of 331 pages, “digital” on 17 pages, and “multimodal” on three pages—roughly
15%, 5%, and 1% respectively (see CCCC, 2004). In 2008, “technology” appeared
on 36 pages out of 321, “digital” on 32 pages, and “multimodal” on 16 pages (11%,
10%, and 5%, respectively) (see CCCC, 2008). By 2012, those numbers had
changed yet again: “digital” appeared on 91 out of 376 pages and “multimodal” on
33 pages (24% and 9% respectively) while “technology” stayed relatively static at 49
pages (13%) (see CCCC, 2012). Within an eight- year span, the word digital
increased its real estate to nearly a quarter of program pages, while the word multi-
modal moved from barely mentioned to almost 1/10th of program pages. This fast
calculation suggests that the papers presented by literacy and composition scholars at
this leading conference mark a definite and ongoing shift in the field.
What this shift means for literacy classrooms, Pre- K through university, is
profound. The texts that students read and create are no longer confined to
alphabetic strings of symbols printed on paper and bound between fixed covers.
The reader/writer relationship is not limited to the transaction that happens
when the reader takes up the author’s words on a page. Instead, texts are multi-
modal, multimedia, multi- platform, multi- authored, interactive, and dispersed
(Jenkins, 2006). They are literally on the move, synching from desktop to
laptop to e- book to smart phone. They are also more arts based as developing
technology prompts calls for a renewed focus on the traditional arts—visual,
music, drama, creative writing—reinvigorated within electronic and digital
environments (Sanders & Albers, 2010). “Literacy” cannot possibly be singular
anymore because words are no longer the only means by which students can
express and represent their thoughts. From mash- ups to tweets to new media
fictions and hypermedia architectures that combine images, sounds, and written
and spoken words, the formats, modes, and distribution avenues of texts are
expanding. Expanding with them are the qualities of “what it means to be lit-
erate in the 21st century” (Sanders & Albers, 2010, p. 1).
But it’s not just texts and the reader/author relationship that are undergoing
transformation. The affordances of technology that give humans the ability to
collapse time and space are also having profound effects on literacy practices. An
awareness of glocalization (Robertson, 1995)—“the simultaneity and the inter-
penetration of what are conventionally called the global and the local, or . . . the
universal and the particular” (p. 30) brings increased opportunities for English/
Language Arts educators to engage students in explorations of cultural forces
that impact the complex connections between the communities in which they
are physically located and other communities around the world. “[C]hanges
have occurred in the character and substance of literacies that are associated with
larger changes in technology, institutions, media and the economy and with the
rapid movement toward global scale in manufacture, finance, communications,
and so on” (Lankshear & Knobel, 2011, p. 28). These forces, which are part of
the social, economic, and political conditions in which students live, highlight