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cnc machine

1. CNC MACHINE COMPONENTS AND OPERATION An Overview of CNC Machining Technology PREPARED BY-AJAY VIBHUTE D23M71

2. Introduction CNC MACHINE HAVE CREATED WONDERS IN A MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. MANUALY OPERATED MACHINE WERE INSUFFICIENT & MORE HUMAN ERRORS. THIS COULD BE A BURDAN FOR THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. NOW AFTER THE ADVENTURE OF COMPUTER PROCESS IS FULLEY AUTOMATIC WITH LIMITED SUPERVISION WHATEVER MANUAL LABOUR WAS DOING ON THE MACHINE IS NOW TAKEN CARE BY CNC & ROBOT RUN THROUGH COMPUTER. LETS UNDERSTAND WONDERFUL PROCESS & COMPONENTS OF CNC MACHINE.

3. C N C COMUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

4. The components of CNC machine are, 1)Program Input Device 2)Machine Control Unit (MCU) Driving System Feedback System 3)Machine Tool

5. The part Programming is done using the softwares and the set of G codes & M codes are generated . This program fed in to the computer. This program is processed by MCU .Its consists of microcontroller and hardware related process . The program read by the MCU & stored in his memory. When we want it will excute program or start the program which means it Starts the machining process. The last components in the line is the actual machine tool. The Machine tool like Lathe ,VMC , HMC,will be controlled by Program. The Program move the tool & Components Start the rotation of spindle,Axis movement ,start coolant . The tool will do machining on a workpiece according to the program so these three are the measure components of CNC machine

6. The program use here is nothing but set of G CODES & M CODES G codes will tell the machine tool about the movement.The motion control of the drilling head spindle is done by G code And M codes control basic electrical operation like releasing coolant ,tool changing ,pallet changing ,starting & stopping operation and so on.

7. Driving System : The driving system consists of amplifier circuits, drive motors, and ball lead screws. The MCU feeds the signals of each axis (i.e., position and speed) to the amplifier circuits, which then augment (increase) the control signals to actuate the drive  motors . The actuated drive motors, in turn, rotate the ball lead screw to position the machine table. Feedback System : This system incorporates transducers that act as sensors and measuring devices. It continuously monitors the position and speed of the cutting tool at any given moment. The MCU receives signals from these transducers and utilises the difference between reference and feedback signals to generate control signals for correcting position and speed errors.

8. Machine tools play a key role in CNC machines because they help achieve the desired shapes,sizes,and finishes for various material ( Steel,Cast iron , Alluminium,brass , copper,Titanium,Wood ,Teflon) Precision -CNC machines are known for their precision and consistency.They can produce components that meet and stringent standards. Flexibility -CNC machines can be used to make almost any product with precision turned components .They can also be integrated with other manufacturing equipments and processes to create a flexible manufacturing system. Efficiency -CNC machines can perform a variety of operations ,including cutting ,shaping ,and removing material from a workpiece. CNC machining involves the use of computers to control machine tools,such as lathes , mills,Routers,and Grinders.The precision and automation offerd by CNC machines allow for the production of highly accurate and complex parts with minimal human intervention

9. Here are some mechanical parts of a Horizontal machining centre (HMC) Machine base -A cnc machines rigid base column is important for its accuracy , efficiencyAnd quality of machining operation.A rigid machine can withstand higher cutting forces ,reduce vibrations & improve surface finish Spindle -A rigid spindle that runs parallal to the ground and rotates to move the cutting tool along the X,Y,Z axis. Pallets Changer –Two integrated pallets that allow the operator to stage a part while the other is being machined (Time saving ) Rotary table-A revolving table mounted on a moving pivot that can be added to provide a fourth axis. 5-axis CNC machining involves the use of cutting tools that moves across the five different axes simultaneously. There are three linear axes (X, Y, and Z ) and the fourth and fifth axes called A-axis (tilting table axis) and B-axis (table rotation axis) for machining very complex parts.

10. Linear guide ways: Heavy duty roller type linear guide ways that are mounted on the three axes. A ball screw is a component of a CNC machine that converts rotary motion into linear motion. Ball screws are used in CNC machines because they have several advantages Low friction: Ball screws have rolling friction, similar to ball bearings, which means they require less power to move the machine parts.  Longer life: Ball screws require less power and have a longer life than lead screws.   Good noise behavior : Ball screws have good noise behavior .  Minimum backlash: Ball screws have a minimum of backlash.so good positional accuracy And repeatability Automatic tool changer- m  improves the production and tool- carrying capacity of a CNC machine by changing tools very quickly without the help of a manual operator.proves the production and tool-carrying capacity of a CNC machine by changing tools very quickly without the help of a manual operator.

11. CNC milling and machining is used in many industries, for example: Automotive Aerospace Medical Agriculture Construction Dental Firearms Electronics Metalwork Publishing Production Manufacturing Transportation Hospitality Woodwork

12. What are the Advantages of CNC Machines 1. High Precision and Improved Accuracy 2. Endurance 3. High Production and Scalability 4. Speed 5. Enhanced Capabilities 6. Capable of producing even the most complex parts 7. Wide Range of Materials Supported 8. Less Dependability on Human Labor and Fewer Human Errors 9. Uniform Product and Design Retention 10. Digital Simulations of Prototypes 11. Lower Costs 12. Improved Safety What are the Disadvantages of a CNC Milling Machine? Cost Skills Loss and Unemployment Not Enough Qualified Technicians

13. Machine Malfunctions Electrical Issues: Symptoms: Unresponsive controls, power surges, or error messages. Troubleshooting: Mechanical Issues: Symptoms: Unusual noises, vibrations, or inaccurate movements. Troubleshooting: Inspect and lubricate moving parts, such as ball screws and linear guides. Check for worn or damaged bearings and replace if necessary. Key Points to Emphasize: Prevention: Regular maintenance and calibration can help avoid many common issues. Diagnosis: Systematic troubleshooting can efficiently resolve problems and minimize downtime. Documentation: Keep a log of issues and solutions to help with future troubleshooting and maintenance.

14. R eference 1.  https://www.sanfoundry.com/best-reference-books-cnc-machines/   2.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_control   3.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370721_Study_on_computer_   numerical_control_CNC_machines 4.  https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1681&context=hono   5.  https://buildmyvocab.com/sentences/books/best-reference-books-for-cncmachines/ Articles: "The Evolution of CNC Machining Technology" - Journal of Manufacturing Processes Description: An overview of the historical development and future trends in CNC machining technology. "Advancements in CNC Machine Tools and Automation" - International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

15. Conclusion CNC machining is a form of manufacturing that uses computer-controlled machine tools to create parts and products. The main advantages of CNC machining over traditional methods are greater accuracy, more precise control, and higher efficiency. Precision-turned components milled by CNC machines are of higher quality than those from manually operated machines. In addition, CNC machining offers other advantages that will give a company a competitive edge and help it stay ahead of the competition. Thank you