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Nanofluid

1. Kurdistan Region Government (KRG) Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Erbil polytechnical university Erbil polytechnical engineering college Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department Subject: Micro-fluidics and Nano-fluidics Prepare by: Nabaz Muhammad Hamadameen Supervised: Assit . prof. Dr. Banipal N. Yaqub Date: 25 /April/ 2024 Academic year: 2023-2024

2. A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under shear stress . Both gases and liquids constitute categories of fluids. Introduction Microfluidic and nanofluidic (μ- Nafl ) systems are defined as systems with functional components with operational or critical dimensions in the 1-100 μm range for microfluidics and 1-100 nm for nanofluidics, respectively.

3. Key factors influencing nanofluidic behavior include: surface roughness surface charge electrokinetic phenomena non-continuum effects such as slip flow and Knudsen diffusion. Understanding these phenomena is essential for designing and optimizing nanofluidic devices. Nanofluidic Behavior

4. Nanotechnology provides Exquisite new tools to engineer novel materials and devices at the nanoscale level, A nanometer, one billionth of a meter, is about 10,000 times narrower than a human hair. Biological systems on the nano scale resemble the semiconductor world where a molecule or a biological system is a series of atoms and energies. Monitoring temperature, pressure, inserting things into a cell or moving fluids becomes an exercise in moving atoms and maintaining or monitoring energies.

5. μ- Nafl systems comprise small conduits that carry the working fluid. Therefore, fluid phenomena in μ- Nafl systems can be driven by a variety of methods such as applied pressure, electric, or magnetic fields. Within microchannels, fluid manipulation and control are achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including electrokinetic, surface tension, pressure-driven flow, and acoustic waves. These techniques allow for precise mixing, separation, concentration, and pumping of fluids within confined spaces. Advancements in actuation methods and integration with external systems have further enhanced the efficiency and versatility of fluid manipulation in microfluidic devices. Driving force

6. Applications

7. Fabrication Techniques for Nano-order channels Electron beam lithography(E-Beam) Focused ion beam(FIB) Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)

8. Electron beam lithography is an important technique, which is used to design devices, systems and functional materials at the nano scale. In this miniaturization technique, large-scale products are converted into small-scale structures. Principally, the fabrication procedure can be performed in a traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM) integrated with an extra control unit.

9. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is a versatile nanofabrication and imaging technique used in various fields such as materials science, semiconductor manufacturing, and nanotechnology research. It utilizes a focused beam of ions to mill, pattern, or image materials at the nanometer scale with high precision Focused Ion Beam (FIB)

10. is a high-resolution nanopatterning technique used to fabricate structures with dimensions on the nanometer scale. It involves the transfer of patterns from a template or mold onto a substrate material through mechanical deformation or replication. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)

11. Thanks