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1. Virtualization Stacks Overview and Components

2. What is a Virtualization Stack? A virtualization stack is the collection of hardware and software layers that enable virtualization — running multiple virtual machines or containers on a single physical host.

3. Layers of a Virtualization Stack 1. Hardware Layer 2. Host Operating System (Optional) 3. Hypervisor Layer 4. Virtual Machine (Guest OS) Layer 5. Management & Orchestration Layer 6. Application Layer

4. Hardware Layer - Physical servers providing CPU, memory, storage, and networking. - Examples: Dell PowerEdge, HP ProLiant, IBM System x.

5. Hypervisor Layer Responsible for abstracting hardware and running multiple virtual machines. • Type 1 (Bare-metal): Runs directly on hardware. Examples: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, KVM. • Type 2 (Hosted): Runs on a host OS. Examples: Oracle VirtualBox, VMware Workstation.

6. Virtual Machine (Guest OS) Layer - Each VM runs its own operating system independently. - Provides isolation and flexibility. - Examples: Windows Server VM, Ubuntu VM, CentOS VM.

7. Management & Orchestration Layer Provides centralized control, monitoring, and automation for virtualized environments. Examples: - VMware vCenter - OpenStack - Microsoft System Center - Red Hat Virtualization Manager

8. Application Layer Applications and services run inside VMs or containers. Examples: Web servers, Databases, CI/CD tools, etc.

9. Example of a Virtualization Stack Layer | Example | Description Hardware | Intel Xeon | Physical resources Host OS | RHEL | Optional base OS Hypervisor | KVM | Manages VMs Guest OS | Ubuntu, Windows Server | Runs user workloads Applications | Jenkins, Nginx | End-user services

10. Modern Virtualization Extensions - Containers (Docker, Podman) - Container Orchestration (Kubernetes, OpenShift) - Cloud Virtualization (AWS EC2, Azure, GCP) - Hardware-Assisted Virtualization (Intel VT-x, AMD-V)

11. Benefits of Virtualization Stacks • Efficient resource utilization • Scalability and flexibility • Isolation and security • Easier backup and recovery • Simplified testing and deployment