Niosomes- Manufacturing and evaluation.pptx

Niosomes: Manufacturing and evaluation

1. Niosomes : Manufacturing and evaluation Name: Ishika Choudhary M.Pharma

2. Introduction to Niosomes Definition : Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that are used in drug delivery. They are similar to liposomes but are made from non-ionic surfactants rather than phospholipids. Structure : Niosomes are composed of surfactants, cholesterol, and possibly other components, forming a bilayer vesicle structure. Applications : Niosomes are used in drug delivery systems, gene therapy, vaccines, and cosmetic formulations.

3. Advantages of Niosomes Cost-Effective : Non-ionic surfactants are often less expensive than phospholipids, making niosomes a more cost-effective alternative to liposomes. Stability : Niosomes can offer better stability in terms of temperature and pH compared to liposomes. Controlled Release : They provide controlled release of encapsulated drugs, improving the therapeutic effect. Improved Bioavailability : They enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

4. Types of Niosomes Unilamellar Niosomes (UNV) : Contain a single lipid bilayer. Multilamellar Niosomes (MLV) : Contain multiple lipid bilayers. Small Unilamellar Niosomes (SUV) : Small vesicles with a single bilayer. Large Unilamellar Niosomes (LUV) : Larger vesicles with a single bilayer.

5. Composition of Niosomes Surfactants : Non-ionic surfactants are the primary components. Common examples: Span® series : Span 60, Span 80 Tween® series : Tween 60, Tween 80 Cholesterol : Used to stabilize the vesicular structure and increase bilayer rigidity. Other Additives : Water : The solvent for hydration. Stabilizers : Such as preservatives or antioxidants. Drugs : Encapsulated within the niosome for delivery.

6. Manufacturing Techniques for Niosomes Ether Injection Method : A solution of surfactants and cholesterol is injected into water under controlled conditions, forming niosomes . Advantages: Simple and efficient. Thin Film Hydration Method : Surfactants and cholesterol are dissolved in a solvent and evaporated to form a thin film. The film is then hydrated with aqueous media to form niosomes . Advantages: High encapsulation efficiency. Reverse Phase Evaporation Method : This method involves creating an emulsion between an aqueous phase and an organic solvent, followed by evaporation. Advantages: Suitable for encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.

7. Proliposome Method : Dry surfactant and cholesterol are hydrated with an aqueous phase under controlled conditions to form niosomes . Advantages: Increased stability and encapsulation efficiency. Sonication : Sonication uses ultrasonic waves to break down large multilamellar vesicles into smaller unilamellar ones. Advantages: Good control over vesicle size.

8. Factors Affecting Niosome Formulation Surfactant Type : The choice of surfactant influences the size, stability, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Cholesterol Content : The amount of cholesterol affects the rigidity and stability of the niosome membrane. Drug Properties : Hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs require different formulation strategies for effective encapsulation. Solvent and Hydration Conditions : The solvent used for film formation and the hydration temperature impact the size and encapsulation efficiency of niosomes .

9. Evaluation of Niosomes Physical Appearance : Niosomes should be clear or slightly opalescent suspensions, with no visible aggregates or particles. Size and Zeta Potential : Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) : Measures the size distribution of niosomes . Zeta Potential : Assesses the surface charge of niosomes , which influences their stability and interaction with biological membranes. Encapsulation Efficiency : The percentage of drug encapsulated in niosomes is evaluated by separating the free drug from the encapsulated drug (usually using ultracentrifugation or dialysis).

10. Shape and Morphology : Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) or Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) : Used to observe the shape, structure, and surface morphology of niosomes . Drug Release Studies : In vitro Release Testing : Measures how the drug is released from niosomes over time using techniques like dialysis or Franz diffusion cells. Release kinetics are often analyzed to determine if the release follows zero-order, first-order, or Higuchi models. Stability Studies : Evaluate niosome stability under various storage conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, and light exposure). Stability is important for ensuring that the niosomes maintain their size, drug encapsulation, and drug release characteristics over time.

11. In Vivo Evaluation Biodistribution : Using radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled niosomes , researchers can track the distribution of niosomes in vivo. Pharmacokinetics : Blood samples are taken at various intervals to determine how long the niosomes stay in circulation and their concentration in different tissues. Toxicity Studies : Animal models are used to assess the safety and potential toxicity of niosomes .

12. Applications of Niosomes Drug Delivery : Niosomes can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, enhancing bioavailability and providing controlled release. Example: Delivery of anticancer drugs, antifungal agents, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Gene Delivery : Niosomes can be used as carriers for DNA, RNA, and other genetic materials, improving the delivery and uptake of genes into target cells. Vaccine Delivery : Niosomes serve as adjuvants or carriers for vaccines, enhancing immune response and stability. Cosmetic and Dermatological Applications : Niosomes are used in skin care products to deliver active ingredients like vitamins, antioxidants, and anti-aging compounds.

13. Challenges in Niosome Development Scalability : Large-scale manufacturing of niosomes while maintaining consistency and quality can be difficult. Stability : Niosomes may face challenges in maintaining stability over time, particularly under varying storage conditions. Toxicity : Long-term exposure to non-ionic surfactants may induce toxicity or irritation in some cases. Controlled Release : Achieving precise control over drug release rates in vivo is challenging.

14. Recent Advances in Niosome Research Targeted Niosomes : Niosomes functionalized with targeting ligands (e.g., antibodies, peptides) for specific cell targeting, such as cancer cells. Stimuli-Responsive Niosomes : Niosomes that release their payload in response to specific stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, enzymes). Niosome -Polymer Conjugates : Hybrid systems combining niosomes and polymers for enhanced stability and targeted delivery.

15. Conclusion Summary : Niosomes are versatile and cost-effective drug delivery carriers that can be used to improve the bioavailability and controlled release of drugs. They have potential applications in a wide range of fields, including drug delivery, gene therapy, vaccines, and cosmetics. Future Directions : Research is focused on improving the stability, scalability, and targeting abilities of niosomes , making them an increasingly attractive option for therapeutic applications.

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