Nipah virus ppt

Advancement in research against Nipah till date. A mini-review.
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1. NIPAH VIRUS By Arman Firoz PhD Scholar VIT University 1

2. Human Nipah Virus( NiV ) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease which causes severe disease in both humans and animals. Nipah virus ( NiV ) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae , genus Henipavirus , which is closely related to Hendravirus . It was first recognized in Malaysia and Singapore during an outbreak from September 1998 through May 1999. Its name originated from kampung Sungai Nipah , a village in the Malaysian Peninsula where pig farmers became ill with encephalitis. INTRODUCTION 2

3. STRUCTURE OF NIPAH VIRUS 3

4. NIPAH- A public health problem Though Nipah virus has caused only a few outbreaks, it infects a wide range of animals and causes severe disease and death in people, making it a public health concern. 4 Laura T Mazzola   1 ,  Cassandra Kelly-Cirino   1

5. Chronological infection of NIPAH in South Asia 5 Gurjeet Singh1 , Raksha , Anant D. Urhekar . Graph.2. Representation of Nipah spread across south Asia

6. Morbidity and mortality due to Nipah and Nipah like virus encephalitis in WHO South-East Asia region 2001-2018 The recent outbreak in Kerala is thought to have been caused by dead bats found in a well of a family's home in the village of Changaroth. The infection reportedly spread among family members and was passed on to others who had been in contact with the family. The Nipah virus has already claimed 10 lives in the Indian state of Kerala, including a 31-year-old nurse who was treating the infected. 6 Table.1 Mortality and Morbidity due to N ipah infection in South East Asia

7. Transmission of Nipah Bangladesh During the collection of date palm sap, fruit bats drink from the sap and contaminate the sap with Nipah virus through saliva, urine, or feces . People drinking the date palm sap become infected with Nipah virus and transmit the virus to close contacts. Malaysia Pteropid fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus. Bats roosting in fruit trees on pig farms transmitted the virus to pigs. Pigs transmitted Nipah virus to people in close contact with them. 7

8. Pathogenesis The pathologic findings in the brain of Nipah encephalitis cases showed evidence of necrotizing vasculitis . The main pathology appeared to be widespread ischemia and infarction caused by vasculitis-induced thrombosis, although direct neuronal invasion may also play a major role in the pathogenesis of the encephalitis. Alveolar hemorrhage , pulmonary edema and aspiration pneumonia were often encountered in the lungs. These may lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ultimately. 8

9. A cute onset of cough with shortness of breath Severe Headache Acute onset of altered mental status High Grade Fever Muscle pain Convulsion Diarrhoea Signs and Symptoms 9

10. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES 10

11. Collection, Transportation & Storage of Sample The samples should be collected as early as possible (preferably within 4-5 days on onset of illness. The samples may be as follows: Throat swab to be collected in viral transport medium Urine approx 10 ml in universal sterile container Blood in plain vial (at least 5ml) CSF (at least 1 ml) in a sterile container Samples should be safely packed in triple container packing and should be transported under cold chain (2-8°C) to the testing laboratory with prior intimation. Before dispatching the sample, disinfect the outer surface of container using 1:100 dilution of bleach or 5% Lysol solution. 11

12. Diagnosis 12

13. Yet No Specific treatment for NIPAH Treatment is limited to supportive care. May require intensive care monitoring Mechanical ventilation for air way protection for neurological deterioration. P roper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections 13

14. Antiviral Species Efficacy Ribavirin Human (Malaysia outbreak) 36 % reduction in mortality Syrian hamster No beneficial effect Chloroquine Syrian hamster No beneficial effect Ferret No beneficial effect Neutralizing antibodies Syrian hamster 100 % survival with pretreatment; partial protection with posttreatment m102.4 antibody Ferret 100 % survival when treated 24 h after inoculation poly(I)-poly(C 12 U) Syrian hamster 80 % survival when treated 2 h after inoculation and 9 additional days VIKI-PEG4-chol Syrian hamster 40 % survival when treated 2 days after inoculation Table.2 The efficacy of antiviral treatments tested in Nipah virus animal models The search of antiviral treatments 14

15. Vaccine Development 15 Table.3 The efficacy of vaccine candidates tested in Nipah virus animal disease models

16. Respiratory Hygiene H and hygiene I njection safety facial protection Gloves and gown wearing Environmental cleaning PREVENTIVE MEASURES 16

17. Avoid intake of fruits bitten by animals Proper handling of specimen Strong Disease Surveillance 17

18. Mazzola, L. T., & Kelly- Cirino , C. (2019). Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia.  BMJ global health ,  4 ( Suppl 2). Gurjeet Singh1 , Raksha , Anant D. Urhekar . Nipah : A killer virus, Int.J.Adv.Microbiol.Health.Res.2018; 2(2):40-55 Mohd Nor MN, Gan CH, Ong BL. Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:160–5. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000;288:1432–5. Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, Middleton D, Bingham J, et al. Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses : a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:946–51. REFERENCES 18

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