Nobel prize winners inhh physics and chemistry 2022.pptx

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1. NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022 Reshma B V

2. NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2022

3. Carolyn R. Bertozzi , born 1966 in USA. PhD 1993 from UC Berkeley, CA, USA. Her bioorthogonal reactions take place without disrupting the normal chemistry of the cell.

4. Morten Meldal , born 1954 in Denmark. PhD 1986 from Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby , Denmark. Morten Meldal  and Barry Sharpless – independently of each other – presented what is now the crown jewel of click chemistry:  the copper catalysed azide -alkyne cycloaddition

5. K. Barry Sharpless , born 1941 in Philadelphia, PA, USA. PhD 1968 from Stanford University, CA, USA.  Barry Sharpless i s now being awarded his second Nobel Prize in Chemistry

6. CLICK CHEMISTRY

7. BIOORTHOGONAL CHEMISTRY

8. NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2022

9. John F. Clauser , born 1942 in Pasadena, CA, USA. PhD 1969 from Columbia University, New York, USA.John Clauser developed John Bell’s ideas, leading to a practical experiment.

10. Alain Aspect, born 1947 in Agen , France. PhD 1983 from Paris- Sud University, Orsay , France. Some loopholes remained after John Clauser’s experiment. Alain Aspect developed the setup, using it in a way that closed an important loophole.

11. Anton Zeilinger , born 1945 in Ried im Innkreis , Austria. PhD 1971 from University of Vienna, Austria. Using refined tools and long series of experiments, Anton Zeilinger  started to use entangled quantum states.

12. Experiments using entangled quantum states, where two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated. Two pairs of entangled particles are emitted from different sources. One particle from each pair is brought together in a special way that entangles them. The two other particles (1 and 4 in the diagram) are then also entangled. In this way, two particles that have never been in contact can become entangled EXPERIMENTING WITH ENTAGLED PARTICLES

13. EXPERIMENTING WITH BELL INEQUALITIES John Clauser  used calcium atoms that could emit entangled photons after he had illuminated them with a special light. He set up a filter on either side to measure the photons’ polarisation. After a series of measurements, he was able to show they violated a Bell inequality.

14. Alain Aspect developed this experiment, using a new way of exciting the atoms so they emitted entangled photons at a higher rate. He could also switch between different settings, so the system would not contain any advance information that could affect the results.

15. Anton Zeilinger later conducted more tests of Bell inequalities. He created entangled pairs of photons by shining a laser on a special crystal, and used random numbers to shift between measurement settings. One experiment used signals from distant galaxies to control the filters and ensure the signals could not affect each other.