Noble metal to nobel prize

STATE TO EXPLAIN.....

Noble Metal

Nobel prize

Nobel  Laureates Nobel Prize for Noble Metal

Advance Metal catalyzed reaction

1. Noble Metal to Nobel Prize Dr. Sujitlal Bhakta

2. STATE TO EXPLAIN ……. Noble Metal Nobel prize Nobel  Laureates Nobel Prize for Noble Metal Advance Metal catalyzed reaction

3. NOBLE METALS Noble metals are the metal elements that resist oxidation, tarnish and corrosion during heating, casting or soldering and when used intraoral. e.g., gold and platinum Platinum, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Osmium, Iridium and Gold are the Eight Nobel metals.

4. Good metallic surface that retain their surface in dry air. NOBLE METALS

5. The oxidation state of Ruthenium ranges from 0 to +8 and −2. The +2, +3 and +4 states are the most common. In 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert  and Peter Gruenberg for the discovery of GMR. Ruthenium(Ru)

6. It is compatible with semiconductor processing techniques; used in microchips and for the giant magneto resistive(GMR) read element for hard disk drives.

7. Rhodium(Rh) Rhodium is a noble metal, resistant to corrosion. The common oxidation state of Rhodium is +3, but oxidation states from +0 to +6 are also observed.

8. Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance. These alloys are used in furnace windings, bushing for glass fibers,  production, thermo-couple elements electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.

9. Palladium(Pd) Common oxidation states of palladium are 0, +1, +2 and +4. There are relatively few known compounds with palladium unambiguously in the +3 oxidation state. Palladium does not react with oxygen at normal temperature.  Application of palladium in electronics is in the manufacture of multilayer ceramic capacitors.

10. Silver(Ag)   The most common oxidation state of silver is +1 and less common +2,+3 and even +4. Silver is a noble metal, resistant to corrosion. Wound dressings.

11. Silver and silver alloys are used in the construction of high-quality musical wind instruments of many types. Silver's catalytic properties make it ideal for use as a catalyst in oxidation reactions.

12. Osmium(Os) Osmium forms compounds with oxidation states ranging from −2 to +8. The most common oxidation states are +2, +3, +4 and +8. Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection.  Strong oxidant.

13. Iridium(Ir) Iridium forms compounds in oxidation states between −3 and +9; the most common oxidation states are +3 and +4. Their resistance to arc erosion makes Iridium alloys ideal for electrical contacts for spark plugs and Iridium-based spark plugs are particularly used in aviation.

14. Platinum(Pt) Platinum is a noble and precious metal meaning that it will not easily dissolve in any solvent or in rust. The most common oxidation states of Platinum are +2 and +4. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are less common. Platinum is sensitive to the high temperature.  Platinum is a very good oxidation catalyst and has good resistance to poisons such as sulphur, phosphorus or lead which may be present in the exhaust.

15. Gold(Au) It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. The oxidation state of Gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Gold is unaffected by oxygen at any temperature. Gold does not react with ozone.

16. Uses NOBLE METALS

17. THE HISTORY OF NOBEL PRIZE

18. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor. Alfred Nobel was died at San Remo, Italy, on 10 December, 1896 History of Nobel prize

19. He will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of  Dynamite , established the prizes in 1895 It was first awarded in Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , Literature and Peace in 1901 and the annual Prize Award Ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. In Economic Sciences  was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968. History of Nobel prize ...

20. The Introduction of the Nobel Prize Ceremony Date Frequency Place Prizes Activities Guests Dec.10 th . Once a year The Stockholm Concert Hall( Sweden ) and for the peace prize which is held in  Oslo ,  Norway Diploma , Gold medal Presentation , banquet Winners (families), King & Queen, leaders , students

21. Chemistry behind the Dynamite Nitroglycerine, a highly explosive liquid. Nitroglycerine was produced by mixing glycerine with sulfuric and nitric acid. Mixing nitroglycerine with  kieselguhr   would turn the liquid into a paste which named as  Dynamite .   ……. Alfred Nobel, the inventor of  Dynamite

22. DYNAMITE …

23. A. Diagram Sawdust (or any other type of absorbent material) soaked in nitroglycerin. B. Protective coating surrounding the explosive material. C. Blasting cap. D. Electrical cable (or fuse) connected to the blasting cap. DYNAMITE …

24. NOBEL   Laureates NOBEL PRIZE for Noble Metal

25. E. O. Fisher, G. Wilkinson (1973) Sandwich compounds K. B. Sharpless , R. Noyori (2001) Hydrogenation and oxidation Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock (2005) Metal-catalyzed alkene metathesis Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi  and Akira Suzuki (2010) for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis Nobel Laureates …

26. Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction

27. Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction Geoffrey Wilkinson Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

28. Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction Mechanism

29. Rhodium in Wilkinson’s Catalyst (WC) Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) The most common catalyst  Wilkinson’s Catalyst, [RhCl(PPh 3 ) 3 ]

30. Geoffrey Wilkinson Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson FRS, Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, Imperial College, London (1956-1988) Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1973 Nobel Prize for Rhodium Metal …

31. Robert H. Grubbs Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reactions

32. Different Ruthenium Catalyst …….

33. Less reactivity; greater selectivity for less bulky and or strained alkenes Bench stable Higher substrate functional group tolerance Grubbs Catalyst(s)

34. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis Reactions

35. Robert H. Grubbs The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005 was awarded jointly to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock  for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis . Yves Chauvin Richard R. Schrock Nobel Prize for Ruthenium Metal …

36. Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions Useful properties of Palladium: Relatively inert Usually has high yield and selectivity Less expensive than Platinum, which has similar properties

37. Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reaction

38. Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reaction …….

39. Mechanism of the Heck Coupling Reaction

40. Application of Heck Reaction: Natural Products Isolation: bark of the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia (1967) concentration of paclitaxel 0.000008% w/w (10 g/1.2 t of bark) Bioactivity: antitumor effect against ovarian, lung and breast cancer paclitaxel hyperstabilises microtubules and terminates cell division Production: Taxus cell line fermentation technology ( Phyton Biotech Inc.) Paclitaxel ( Taxol ®)

41. Synthetic application of Heck cross-coupling Paclitaxel ( Taxol ®)

42. Palladium-Catalyzed Negishi Reaction

43. Mechanism of Negishi Reaction

44. Isolation: Panamaniam poison frog Dendrobates pumilio (1967) Bioactivity: lipophilic , highly toxic and powerful cardiotonic agent - efficient skin deterrent and defensive alkaloid against predators - used as a dart poison by native Indians in Central and South America Application of Negishi Reaction : Natural Products Pumiliotoxin A

45. Synthetic application of Negishi coupling Pumiliotoxin A

46. Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki Reaction

47. Mechanism of the Suzuki Coupling Reaction

48. Isolation: Caribbean deep-sea sponge Discodermia dissoluta (1990) - concentration of discodermolide 0.002% w/w (7 mg/434 g sponge) light sensitive compound, sponge must be harvested below 33 m... Bioactivity: antifungal, immunosuppresive and cytotoxic (IC 50 = 3-80 nM ) - mode of action resembles that of taxol , i.e. stabilisation of microtubules - since 2004 in Phase I. clinical trials as potential anticancer agent (Novartis) Application of Suzuki Reaction : Natural Products (+)- Discodermolide

49. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 was awarded jointly to Richard F. Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi  and   Akira Suzuki   “for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis” Nobel prize for noble metal Palladium

50. Advance Metal catalyzed reaction

51. Sonogashira Coupling

52. Mechanism of Sonogashira Coupling

53. Stille Coupling Reaction

54. Mechanism of Stille Coupling Reaction

55. The Wacker-Tsuji Oxidation

56. Karl Barry Sharpless Titanium(Ti) Catalyzed Reaction

57. Sharpless Epoxidation

58. Sharpless Epoxidation …

59. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2001) Karl Barry Sharpless Hydrogenation and oxidation Nobel prize for metal Titanium

60. Metal undergoes oxidative addition One alkyl substituent and a nucleophile bind to the metal catalyst. Second substituent also binds/ coordinates to the metal complex Occurs through transmetallation or nucleophilic attack Metal complex undergoes reductive elimination Forms a new compound that combines the two substituents. Reforms the catalyst Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions

61. T H A N K Y O U