Non-Experimental Research Design

Non-experimental research design

1. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Asokan.R , Asso . Professor, KINS, KIIT (DU) Bhubaneswar. 1

2. RESEARCH DESIGN (BLUE PRINT OF THE STUDY) Guide the research in planning, & implementing the study Overall plan for obtaining answer to research question Entire strategy or framework for the study 2

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5. Salient Features : No Manipulation of Independent Variable No Cause / Effect It requires a Clear, Concise Problem Statement Hypothesis Generating Data is Collected without Making Changes or Intervening to Subjects Extraneous Variables are Controlled by using Homogenous Sampling Consistent Data Collection Procedures 5

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11. Descriptive Explorative Correlational comparative survey 11

12. DESCRIPTIVE Intend to examine and describe an issue. Descriptive research design  is a scientific  method  which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. Use to answer questions in ‘ wh ’ word : what occur, how occur, when occur, why occur 12

13. PURPOSE To Observe, describe and document aspects of situation as it naturally occurs. To serve as starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development. 13

14. CHARACTERISTICS Describe a Phenomenon Especially effective when the area has been previously studied. Example- Study of nursing action in diabetic foot care Data is collected through questionnaire, interview, files, document or observation. 14

15. TYPICAL ANALYSIS Graph, Charts, Tables, Percentages, Frequencies, Central Tendency, (M M M), Measures of Variability (SD, Variance, Range) 15

16. For  example A n apparel brand that wants to understand the fashion purchasing trends among buyers. 16

17. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN It describe frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon rather study relationship It is not necessary that to study a single variable, but may be one or more variable This design mainly try to identify & describe perception, awareness, behaviour, attitude, knowledge and practice. Ex: Student nurses awareness on BLS. 17

18. For example A researcher is interested to assessing the experiences of patients suffering with rheumatoid arthritis. Frequency of different symptoms experiencing by the patients Type of treatment received during the course of disease, etc … There are multiple variables in this study. 18

19. EXPLORATIVE It identify, explore, & describe the existing phenomenon and related factors. Ex: Factors and morbidity pattern among LBW Babies It simply describe the phenomena and in-depth relate the cause of phenomena. Aims to explain why particular phenomena work in the way that they do. 19

20. Exploratory - descriptive designs , usually field studies in natural settings, provide the least control over variables. The data collected either contribute to the development of theory or explain phenomena from the perspective of the persons being studied. 20

21. COMPARATIVE Compare and contrast two or more variable on same phenomena Ex: Perception of Labour Pain among Primipara & Multipara Mother Attribute such as knowledge, practice, perception, attitude, symptoms, complication are compared 21

22. For example A n examination body wants to determine the better method of conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based tests. A comparative study on health problems among rural and urban older people in selected districts. 22

23. Why Use Descriptive Research Design?   Define subject characteristics Measure Data Trends Comparison Validate existing conditions Conducted Overtime 23

24. IMPORTANT ISSUES IN DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN Cannot make conclusions about relationships studies. ( snapshot of the current thoughts) Subjects and instrumentation must be clearly identified. Watch for graphic distortion. Response & Non-Response Bias. 24

25. INTER RELATIONAL STUDIES/RELATIONAL STUDIES It provides a deeper insight into the phenomenon of interest than descriptive studies. It traces the interrelationships between variables. A  study  that investigates the connection between two or more variables. 25

26. Investigate the degree to which differences or variation in relation to two variables Ex : Relation between diabetes and development of hypertension It determines degree of relationship. It allows description and prediction of relationships. Ex : Salary and staff turnover 26

27. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN / STUDIES Measures two Variables. Examine the strength of relationship between variables Describe a linear relationship Do not imply a cause and effect relationship Do not imply that variables share something in common Ex: Pill users and ovarian cancer 27

28. Indicates the extent to which one variable (x) related to another (y). Magnitude and the direction of relationship are indicated by correlation coefficient. It may be positive or negative ranging from (-1.00) perfect negative correlation to (1.00) perfect positive correlation and ‘0’ indicate no relation Ex: Use of support system in labour outcome 28

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30. A correlation can be expressed visually . This is done by drawing a scattergram (scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, or scatter diagram). Example: D rinking while pregnant with an increased risk of depression for the teenage child. Smoking with Alzheimer's disease 30

31. ADVANTAGES Analyse relationship among large number of variables Demonstrate degree of relationship between variables It opens up a great deal of further research to other scholars. 31

32. EX- POST FACTO STUDIES CAUSAL COMPARATIVE STUDY / COMPARATIVE STUDY The investigation starts  after the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher. It is used when causality is a question and experiment is not possible to do. When they cannot manipulate the independent variables But according to cause it compare groups Ex: Smoker and Lung Cancer Non Smoker and No Lung Cancer 32

33. The assignment of subjects to different groups is based on whichever variable of interest to the  researchers . Pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups. Groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some dependent variable . 33

34. Cont... So the independent variables are identified and the effect on dependent variable studied. Here cause and effect relationships identified by forming groups of individuals & determine whether groups differ on dependent variables. But there is possibility , group will differ by external variables , So need to cautiously evaluate and draw the conclusion. It is classified as retrospective (effect to cause) and prospective (cause to effect) 34

35. PREDICTIVE STUDY Aims to identify pre – existing characteristics (independent variable) that is predictive of a relationship with dependent variable. Ex : Intelligence level with performance, Obesity with hypertension It uses retrospective data from one group to make prediction about similar group. Shows how one variable predict score on another in time Allow to calculate the value of one variable (criterion variable/ dependent) based on value of another (predictor variable/independent) 35

36. They allow you to make estimates and devise forecasting models. Correlation coefficient only show relation. Result makes more accurate predictions possible. Length of prediction – shorter the time more the prediction More time =more opportunity for another variable to influence. Major advantage – facilitate intelligence decision making as objective criteria's available to guide the process. 36

37. ANALYSIS OF PREDECTIVE STUDIES Regression Multiple Regression Discriminant Analysis ( whether heavy, medium and light users of soft drinks are different in terms of their consumption of frozen foods & price sensitive and non price sensitive buyers of groceries in terms of their psychological attributes or characteristics.  37

38. DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES It studies the time perspectives. It studies not only present status but also the with related phenomena, also with changes that result from elapsed time. It is generally used to adjunct research design with other designs, descriptive, cross sections, cross sectional survey, longitudinal co-relational study. 38

39. It is a study of status and is widely used in education, nutrition, epidemiology, and the behavioral sciences . P roblems can be solved and practices improved through observation, analysis, and description. EX:   T o assess the differences in academic and social  development  in low-income versus high-income neighborhoods. 39

40. CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGN Examine data at one point in time . Data is collected only on one occasion with same type of subject at one point or multiple points at one time Ex: Knowledge of student nurses on neonatal resuscitation Evaluation of Mid - Day Meal Programme Data are compared in respect to socio- demographic. This is convenient & easy variables to conduct. Identify possible group differences. But cohort effect (life experiences) can't be ruled out 40

41. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN It is used when data is required for several times at interval from same subject . Ex: Professional adjustment of 1 st year nursing student The data is collected over an extended time period Examine development by making a series of observations or measurements over time Avoid problems with cohort effect or generation effect 41

42. ADVANTAGES To study developmental changes /effect. Disadvantages – time, cost , patience & sample turnover and other confounding variables 42

43. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES Study about distribution & causes of diseases in population. Conducted to investigate causes of different diseases either by retrospective approach /case control studies , prospective approach / cohort studies 43

44. T he  cohort study  is concerned with frequency of disease in exposed and non-exposed individuals, the  case - control study  is concerned with the frequency and amount of exposure in subjects with a specific disease ( cases ) and people without the disease ( controls ). 44

45. COHORT STUDIES To investigate the causes of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health outcomes. 45

46. CASE CONTROL STUDIES Researcher go back to the causes for a definite occurrence. The frequency, incidence, factors effect were studied for prudent situation. 46

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48. SURVEY DESIGN /APPROACH It is a popular method to describe and explore the events. Used to collect information from a homogenous group of subject . It ask subject to report their attitude, opinions, perceptions or behaviours It gather current required data for obtaining new information. 48

49. Ex: Cervical Cancer Describe - incidence , magnitude, characteristics Compare - Cx Cancer before and after age of 40 Exploratory – Cause of Cancer cx Co-relational – Multiple Sex partner and Cx Cancer TYPES Descriptive Exploratory Comparative Survey Co relational Survey 49

50. Data is collected by phone, mail, interview, questionnaire, etc. For standardization of questionnaire must be validated. OTHER TYPES OF SURVEY CROSS SECTIONAL Political Survey Attitude Survey Programme Evaluation Performance Evaluation, etc., 50

51. LONGITUDINAL Study of Morbidity, Mortality, Treatment Adherence etc. In a  longitudinal  study, researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time.  Longitudinal  studies are a type of correlational research in which researchers observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those variables. 51

52. ADVANTAGES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Require no experiment, real life situation, manipulation. Easy and convenient to conduct. Suitable to many field like psychology, sociology, education, nursing, etc. DISADVANTAGES Data are less reliable. Cause & effect relationship absolutely not error free Improper Interpretation. 52