nonexperimental.pptx poerpoint presentation

nonexperimental.pptx poerpoint presentation

1. NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

2. QUANTITATIVE NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN research studies that do not involve random assignment of participants to different conditions or treatments. These studies typically observe and analyze the relationship between variables without manipulating them.

3. QUANTITATIVE NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN researchers collect data from existing sources or through surveys, questionnaires, or observations. The focus is on describing and analyzing the relationship between variables rather than establishing causality.

4. Correlational Research Design This is a non-experimental design, where researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation or control. In other words, it is a research design where researchers study the relationship of two or more variables without any intervention. For example, this design was used for ‘A correlational study on the effect of smoking on lung cancer among people in Manila.

5. Correlational Research Design MAIN FEATURES… In correlational studies, the researchers examine the strength of relationships between variables by determining how change in one variable is correlated with change in the other variable. Generally, correlational studies have independent & dependent variables, but the effect of independent variable is observed on dependent variable without manipulating the independent variable.

6. Correlational Research Design MAIN FEATURES… In some correlational studies, identification of the independent & dependent variables is difficult; however, in most correlational studies, the independent variable is identified, which, without any intervention, influences the dependent variable. For example, this design was used in ‘a correlational investigation of the study habits & visual acuity among school children studying in selected schools in the city of Manila. In this study, study habits are the independent variable, while visual acuity is the dependent variable. In epidemiological language these studies are known as cause & effect study, where cause & effect relationship is investigate in natural settings without imposing experimental interventions. This cause & effect relationship can be investigated either in forward manner, i.e. from cause to effect (prospective) or backward manner, i.e. effect to cause (retrospective)

7. TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN Prospective research design Retrospective research design

8. Prospective research design: A design in which the researcher relates the present to the future is a prospective research design . Prospective studies start with a presumed cause & then go to presumed effects. In this research design , researcher observes phenomenon from cause to effect. Prospective designs are often longitudinal, but may also be cross sectional .

9. Prospective research design: for example, a researcher conducting ‘a prospective correlational study on effect of maternal infection during pregnancy on fetal development & pregnancy outcome .’ In this study, the researcher starts by collecting data from pregnant women regarding any history of infection among women during their current pregnancies, next observes fetal development & pregnancy outcome, & finally analyses the relationship of maternal infection during pregnancy & fetal development & pregnancy outcome.

10. Retrospective research design: A design in which the researcher studies the current phenomenon by seeking information from past is a retrospective research design. In this the researcher links the present phenomenon with the past events. In other words, the researcher has a backward approach to study a phenomenon, where he or she moves from effect to identify the cause.

11. Retrospective research design: For example, this design was used in ‘a retrospective correlational study on substance-abuse-related high-risk factors among traumatic head injury patients admitted in neurosurgery ICU of PGH In this study, the researcher first approached head injury patients, & then tried to identify the number of head injuries that occurred under the influence of substance abuse.

12. Retrospective research design: For example, this design was used in ‘a retrospective correlational study on substance-abuse-related high-risk factors among traumatic head injury patients admitted in neurosurgery ICU of PGH In this study, the researcher first approached head injury patients, & then tried to identify the number of head injuries that occurred under the influence of substance abuse.

13. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Developmental research design examines the phenomenon with reference to time. Developmental research designs are generally used as adjunct research designs with other research designs such as cross-sectional-descriptive, longitudinal-correlational research designs.

14. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-sectional design Longitudinal design

15. Cross-sectional design: Cross-sectional research design is one in which researcher collects data at particular point of time (one period of data collection). These studies are easier & more convenient to carry out. For example, a researcher is interested in assessing the awareness on swine flu among people of an area. Here the researcher interacts only once to collect awareness-related data from respondents.

16. Longitudinal design: Longitudinal research design is used to collect data over an extended time period (long-time study). Its value is in its ability to demonstrate change over a period of time. For example, a researcher in interested in the perception of nursing students towards nursing profession from the beginning of nursing program to its end. In this example, it is appropriate to use the longitudinal research design to study this phenomenon. Longitudinal studies are generally classified into three types: Trend studies Panel studies Follow-up studies

17. Longitudinal design: Trend studies: These help to investigate a sample from a general population over a time with respect to some phenomenon. Trend studies permit researchers to examine pattern & rate of changes & to make prediction about future direction based on previously identified patterns & rates of changes.

18. Longitudinal design: Panel studies: A panel in research is referred to the sample of people involved in a study. In panel studies, same people are involved & over a period of time they become more informative on the phenomenon than the subjects in trends studies because the researcher can not only examine the patterns of change, & but also the reasons for change. The same selected people are contacted for two or more times to collect further data.

19. Longitudinal design: Follow-up studies: These are undertaken to determine the subsequent states of subject(s) with a specific condition or those who have received a specific intervention.

20. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN Epidemiology is the study to investigate the distribution & causes of the diseases in population. Therefore, epidemiological studies are generally conducted to investigate causes of different diseases in either prospective approaches (causes to effect) or retrospective designs. Prospective studies are known as cohort studies & retrospective studies are called case-control studies.

21. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN Cohort studies: In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing presumed causes. For example, a researcher longitudinally observes the smokers for development of lung cancer. Case-control studies: In this design, causes of a disease are investigated after the occurrence of a disease. For example, a researcher investigates the history of smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.