Notes-in-POS-003-1.pptx PHINMA UPANG DAGUPAN

PEAK

1. POLITICAL SCIENCE

2. Relationship of POLITICAL SCIENCE with other Sciences: Political Science and History To understand the government and political institutions of a particular State, one needs to understand the past, the origin, and the history of the State. - e.g., Separation of Church and the State, presidential form of Government, Renunciation of War,

3. Political Science and Economics Economics is the branch of study which is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy human beings unlimited needs and wants. A State is always concerned with the allocation of its limited resources to meet the unlimited needs and wants of its citizens. It is also concerned with the utilization, production, distribution, and consumption of goods to satisfy the needs and wants of its citizens. e.g., rice, meat, fish

4. Political Science and Sociology Sociology is the study of society which includes social problems and issues. Social problems and issues are likewise problems and issues of the State. e.g., education, climate change, health.

5. Political Science and Psychology Psychology is the study of human behavior and action. To understand how an individual may win political office through election, one needs to know the perception of the people on the traits a leader must possess. Once understood, the individual seeking political position may behave himself/herself to show that he/she possess the leadership traits. e.g., Duterte

6. Political Science and Anthropology Anthropology is the study of man or humanity. To understand the State, one needs to understand humanity, as it is argued that the State is a man writ large. Plato: King (rational element) Warriors (spirited element) Worker (bodily element) State evolves from human family, tribes, and clans.

7. Political Science and Philosophy Philosophy includes political philosophies and theories which provide substance to and foundation of political science. T he social contract theory which is about the origin of the State is a political philosophy. e .g., communism, separation of powers, democracy.

8. Political Science and Geography Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. One of the elements of a State is territory. A State has to protect its territory from other States. Accordingly, the study of the geography of the territory is necessary for the State to be able to protect its territory. Also, the State needs to study the geography of its territory so as for it to know the products it can produce as well as trade with other States. Geopolitics is a study in political science which considers the location of the State as a very important factor in its growth, development, and progress.

9. STATE It is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing a government to which a great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. (Collector of Internal Revenue v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA). Distinguished from Nation. State is a legal or juristic concept, while nation is an ethnic or racial concept. Distinguished from Government. Government is merely an instrumentality of the State through which the will of the State is implemented and realized.

10. ORIGIN OF STATE Divine Right Theory. Also known as the theory of divine right of Kings, this theory asserts that the  state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God . The King who rules over the state is an agent of God on earth. Force Theory. This theory asserts that the state came into being as a result of the subjection of the weak by the strong. This justifies the absolute power of the ruler as well as rebellion of the citizens. It raises the question on who has power – the ruler or the subjects?

11. ORIGIN OF STATE Social Contract Theory . This theory starts with the assumption that, man lived originally in a ‘state of nature’, antecedents (background) to the formation of political organization. In this condition he was subject only to such rules of natural law as are prescribed by nature itself, and was the possessor (holder) of natural rights. Thomas Hobbes ; It was a state of war, a savage state, men were selfish and aggressive brutes. Every men was the enemy of every other man. To avoid fear and danger of this terrible situation, men agreed to setup an authority. ′   John Locke ; Life in the state of nature was one of the peace and ease. Freedom and tranquility (harmony) prevailed. Men were bound by the law of nature and possessed certain natural rights, but there was the absence of an agency to interpret and implement the law of nature, so men agreed to create a common authority. Jean Jacques Rousseau; People led to an ideal life and enjoyed ‘idyllic happiness’ in the state of the nature. But the rise of property produced evils. To escape from them, men set up authority by contract.

12. ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 1. People - adequate number for self-sufficiency and defense * CIVILIZATION - of both sexes for perpetuity * RECOGNITION 2. Territory - terrestrial - aerial - fluvial (inland water, internal water, territorial sea) 3. Government - The agency or instrumentality through which the will of the State is formulated, expressed, and carried out 4. Sovereignty - The supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a State by which that State is governed. - internal sovereignty (the supreme power over everything within its territory) and external sovereignty (freedom from external control).

13. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT A. According to Legality 1. De Facto Government – government established not in accordance with law, but through the use of arms and/force, e.g., government established through coup d’etat . 2. De Jure Government – government established in accordance with law. B. According to number of persons running the government. 1. One Ruler: Monarchy (according to the country’s tradition) & Dictatorship (through use of military power) 2. Few Rulers: Aristocracy (rule of the elite) and Oligarchy (rule of the wealthy). 3. All are Rulers: Democracy (government of the people). C. According to Relationship between the Executive and the Legislative Power 1. Presidential – Executive and Legislative Powers are separated. 2. Parliamentary – Executive and Legislative Powers are combined.

14. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT D. According to Division or Centrality of Governmental Power a. Unitary – All governmental powers are in the national government. Powers are centralized in the national government. Local government has no governmental power unless given by the national government. b. Federal – Governmental powers are divided by the national government and the local governments. National and international concerns are in the national government. Local issues and concerns are in the local governments.