Nuclear disasters, type of nuclear disasters

nuclear disasters, mitigation, risk of nuclear weapons, guidelines to deal with disaster, examples, treaties and agreements, radioactive places

1. NUCLEAR DISASTERS 1

2. Nuclear energy and processes Nuclear fission – Atom bomb, reactors Nuclear fusion- Hydrogen bomb(thermonuclear bomb), sun Decay of radioactive materials 2

3. USES 3

4.   International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale  ( INES ) G iven by  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA ) 4

5. Nuclear disasters Nuclear power plant accidents Nuclear reactor attacks Trafficking and thefts Worldwide nuclear weapon testing and incidents Accident categories Nuclear meltdown Criticality accidents Decay heat Transport Equipment failure Human error Lost source 5

6. 1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENTS 6

7. Chernobyl-1986 7 7 on IAES scale Power failure, error in safety systems Fig 1.1

8. Impacts and consequences 8 Causalities 30 kilometres in all directions from the plant is officially called the "zone of alienation" Ukrainian officials estimated the area would not be safe for human life again for another 20,000 years Fig 1.2

9. Red forest The name "Red Forest" comes from the ginger-brown colour of the pine trees after they died following the absorption of high levels of radiation from the Chernobyl accident on 26 April 1986. In the post-disaster clean up operations, the Red Forest was bulldozed and buried in "waste graveyards ". The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world today 9 Fig 1.3

10. 10 Fig 1.5

11. Fukushima -2011 11 At F ukushima, Japan 7 on IAES SCALE Tsunami followed by an earthquake Fig 1.6

12. Impacts and consequences 12 Fig 1.7 Fig 1.8 Fig 1.9

13. 13 “Low levels of radioactive C aesium from Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident turned up in fish caught off California in 2011”. Fig 1.10

14. T ransportation and storage of radiation-contaminated soil over a large area Decommissioning Fukushima’s four damaged nuclear reactors A permafrost wall spanning 1.4 km will be formed by coolant tubes drilled into the ground at 1-meter intervals around the plant. 14

15. 15 The Most Radioactive Places on Earth.mp4 Fig 1.11 Fig 1.12

16. 2. NUCLEAR REACTOR ATTACKS 16

17. V ulnerability of nuclear plants Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict 17   Stuxnet  is a  computer worm  discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the United States and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. It switched off safety devices, causing centrifuges to spin out of control.   The United States 9/11 Commission found that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11, 2001 attacks

18. Near a large supply of clean cooling water. (preferably fresh water to minimize corrosion by salt of pumps and pipes).  2) Close to an energy corridor. (Often can cost as much to transport power as to make it)  3) On a stable ground location (Earthquake free preferable) (These can be designed around but costly)  4) Near the end user centre. But sufficiently remote for security (safety) concerns 18

19. 4. TRAFFICKING AND THEFTS 19

20.   Thefts , losses of nuclear materials and other unauthorized activities Radioactive poisons - Polonium 20

21. 5 . WORLDWIDE NUCLEAR WEAPON TESTING AND INCIDENTS 21

22. 22 ATOM BOMB AT HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI The Manhattan Project Enola Gay - LITTLE BOY HIROSHIMA, August 6,1945 Bockscar - FAT MAN NAGASAKI, August 9, 1945 VIDEO Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2

23. 23 http://www.carloslabs.com/projects/200712B/GroundZero-2-6.html

24. http://www.carloslabs.com/projects/200712B/GroundZero-2-6.html 24

25. http://www.ucsusa.org / U nion of concerned scientists Real life tales of close calls, screw ups and nuclear near misses 25

26. NOT YOUR AVERAGE BEAR A black bear once climbed the fence at a Minnesota military base, triggering an alarm that ordered nuclear-armed fighters into the air . THAT TIME WE BOMBED NORTH CAROLINA A B-52 once accidentally dropped two nuclear bombs on north Carolina. Five out of six safety devices failed on one of the bombs and still haven’t recovered the uranium . 26

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28. DO THE FOLLOWING : Go indoors. Stay inside . Close doors/windows . Switch on Radio/TV and look out for public announcements from your local authority. Cover all food, water and consume only such covered items . If in the open, cover your face and body with a wet handkerchief, towel, dhoti or saree . Return home, change/remove clothes. Have a complete wash and use fresh clothing . Extend full co-operation to local authorities and obey their instructions completely - be it for taking medication, evacuation, etc. 28

29. DO NOT DO THE FOLLOWING Do not panic . Do not believe in rumours passed on by word of mouth from one person to another. Do not stay outside or go outside. As far as possible, AVOID - water from open wells/ponds, exposed crops and vegetables, food, water or milk from outside. Do not disobey any instruction of the District or Civil Defence Authorities who would be doing their best to ensure the safety of yourself, your family and your property. 29

30. TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS 30

31. Non-proliferation Disarmament Peaceful use of nuclear energy India not a member Restricted the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967 NPT- NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TREATY 31

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33. COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY Bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. A dopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996 The treaty will enter into force 180 days after the 44 states listed in Annex 2 of the treaty have ratified it China , Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States have signed but not ratified the Treaty 33

34. NSG- NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS GROUP   Controlling the export of nuclear materials, technology, nuclear equipment etc India not a member 34 VIDEO

35. D esigned in 1958 for the British nuclear disarmament movement by  Gerald Holtom  It was designed from the naval code of semaphore, and the symbol represents the code letters for ND. C ode ND stands for Nuclear Disarmament THANK YOU!! 35