Nursing Models.pptx

Nursing Models by Siti Nur Baizura

1. DNNS1043 PRINCIPLE & PRACTICE of NURSING LESSON 2 NURSING MODELS

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completing the lecture, student will be able to: Define nursing ‘theory’ and ‘model’. State the purpose of using nursing theory in nursing practice. Identify three key components to a nursing model. Discuss the different viewed of nursing model on the four major concepts in nursing theory

3. Definition of Model and Theory Model The term ‘nursing model’ has been defined as “a symbolic representation of empirical experience in words, pictorial or graphic diagrams, mathematical notations, or physical material [and] a form of knowledge within the empirical pattern” (Chinn & Kramer 2004: 264)

4. Definition of Model and Theory Model describe nursing phenomena and assumptions in abstract and logical ways. can be presented and organized into nursing language, words, pictures, diagrams, drawings or logical structures to help understand what was observed in practice. Use model as a tools in research for developing a theory

5. Definition of Model and Theory Theory The term ‘nursing model’ has been defined as “‘a creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena” (Chinn & Kramer 2004: 219)

6. Definition of Model and Theory Theory Nursing theory is constructed out of specific nursing phenomena represented as concepts, definitions, assumptions and propositions that help describe, explain or predict how nursing may support and help patients, families or society. Theory is a body of knowledge of nursing, and provides answers to questions that are of interest to nursing. Use specific language, ideas or sometimes symbols to give answers to practice based nursing problems.

7. Purpose of Nursing T heory Directs nurses toward common goal. Leads to improved patient care . Provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions. Gives nurses knowledge base necessary for appropriate actions.

8. Purpose of Nursing T heory Helps resolve current nursing issues . Prepares nurses to question assumptions and values. Serves research, education, and practice.

9. Nursing Theories Florence Nightingale: The Environmental Theory Virginia Henderson: The Definition of Nursing Dorothea Orem: General Theory of Nursing Jean Watson: Human Caring Theory Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Care Theory and Ethnonursing

10. Nursing Theories Callista Roy: Adaptation Theory Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory Imogene King: Goal Attainment Theory Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Human Becoming Theory

11. Florence Nightingale: The Environmental Theory Often considered the first nurse theorist . She linked health with five environmental factors : Pure or fresh ai r Pure water Efficient drainage Cleanliness Light, especially direct sunlight Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness but with a nurturing environment, the body could repair itself

12. Florence Nightingale: The Environmental Theory Considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet environment essential for recovery. Nightingale set the stage for further work in the development of nursing theories. Her general concepts about ventilation, cleanliness, quiet, warmth and diet remain integral parts of nursing and health care today.

13. Defined Nursing: “ The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.”

14. V irginia Henderson: The Definition of Nursing a Unique Function Defined Nursing: “ Assisting the individual , sick or well, in the performance of those a ctivities contributing to health or it’s recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.

15. V irginia Henderson: The Definition of Nursing a Unique Function Henderson (1996) conceptualizes the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 Fundamental needs .

16. 14 Fundamental Needs of Human 1 . Breathe normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6. Select suitable clothes —dress and undress 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others 10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions 11. Worship according to one’s faith 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation 14 . Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.

17. Dorothea Orem: General Theory of Nursing Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being. Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.

18. Dorothea Orem: General Theory of Nursing Dorothea Orem’s theory (published in 1971) includes three related concepts: S elf-care - activities an Individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being. S elf-care deficit - results when self-care agency (Individual’s ability) is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs. N ursing systems - nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities: -

19. Dorothea Orem: General Theory of Nursing Wholly compensatory – nurse provides entire self-care for the client. Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit Partial compensatory – nurse and client perform care , client can perform selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs the client cannot meet independently. Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who can feed himself Supportive-educative – nurse’s actions are to help the client develop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, support and encouragement. Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby, Counseling a psychiatric client on more adaptive coping strategies.

20. Jean Watson: Human Caring Theory Jean Watson (2005) believes the practice of caring is central to nursing. She has wrote 11 major assumption about caring . Human caring in nursing is not just an emotion, concern, attitude, or benevolent desire. Caring connotes a personal response . Caring is an intersubjective human process and is the moral ideal of nursing.

21. Jean Watson: Human Caring Theory Caring can be effectively demonstrated only interpersonally Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth .

22. The R elation of N ursing T heory & P ractice

23. NURSING CONCEPT Definition of Nurse - o riginated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish) A nurse is a person who nourishes, fosters and protects, a person prepared to take care of the sick, injured and aged people (Ellis & Hartley, 1992)‏

24. NURSING CONCEPT The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. The International Council of Nurses ( 1973) adopted from Virginia Henderson’s definition.

25. Common concept of nursing Nursing is caring Nursing is an art Nursing is a science Nursing is client centered Nursing is holistic

26. Recipients of Nursing The recipients of nursing are sometimes called consumers, patients and clients. Consumer – is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service or commodity. Patient – is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care. Client – is a person who engages the advices or services of another who is qualified to provide this services.

27. Scope of Nursing Promoting health and wellness Preventing illness Restoring health Caring for the dying

28. Roles and function of the nurse Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client advocate Counselor Change agent Leader Case manager Research consumer

29. CONCEPT OF NURSING There are FOUR (4) concept s in nursing profession : Person /client - recipient of nursing care Environment - internal and external surroundings that affect the client Health - degree of wellness or well- being Nursing - attributes, characteristics and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of

30. PERSON In nursing theory, human beings are considered in terms of their physiological, psychological, social, spiritual and cultural selves. People are evaluated in terms of their individual place in society as well as their relationships to their family, community and society as a whole. The purpose of nursing and nursing theory is to identify how a particular individual's needs are either met or not met, to predict future needs and to prioritize those needs in order of importance.

31. ENVIRONMENT The environment concept of nursing comprises all the internal and external factors that act on human beings and affect their behaviour and development. This includes psychological, spiritual, social, physical and cultural forces as well as the environment in which nursing care is provided . The idea behind this concept is that the environment influences individual and collective health and that individuals who experience a positive, comfortable nursing environment are more likely to demonstrate good health versus those who receive a level of care that is lacking.

32. HEALTH The concept of health refers to an individual's physical, mental and social well-being and at what point they are on the health spectrum, which ranges from good health to poor health or death. Health is considered to be affected by genetic factors, environmental factors, lifestyle factors and external mechanisms, such as bacteria. A person's place on the health spectrum is constantly changing and in a nursing context, it's the responsibility of nursing professionals to identify the patient's place on the spectrum and to take steps to help th e person's health improve.

33. NURSING the process of caring for the health of human beings and assisting individuals in meeting their needs while also teaching them the basics of caring for themselves. The responsibilities of the nursing profession are to promote good health, to prevent disease when possible, to promote healing in those who are ill and to ease the suffering of dying patients. The concept of nursing extends beyond the health care facility to the community and society as a whole, and views individual health and the environment as closely related. Nursing is defined as care that is tailored to the needs of individuals and that is provided in an efficient and effective manner.

34. REFERENCE F undamentals of Nursing., 2007. Pearson Practice Hall, Petaling Jaya (Chapter 2, pg 23- 26) Kozier, B., Glenora, E., Audrey, B. & Shirlee, S., 2004, Fundamental of Nursing: Concept, Process & Practice , 7th .ed, Pearson Practice Hall Taylor, C., Lillis, C. & LeMone, P., 2005, Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 5th .ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins "Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Caring Practice"; Lynn Basford , Oliver Slevin ; 2003 Medical College of Georgia: School of Nursing Mission/Vision Roles & Responsibilities of a Nurse ” 1. Caregiver/ Care provider – the traditional and most... Planning involves determining before and the strategies or course of actions... General Nursing Interventions for the Mental Health Client Forming a one-to-one relationship with the client It will help... NURSING AS A PROFESSION Profession – is a calling that requires special knowledge, skill... Foundation of Nursing – Comprehensive Test Part 1 Using the principles of standard precautions, the nurse would wear...

35. THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTIONS... DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?