nutrient use efficiency

major challenge in Indian agriculture,,,

1. Showkat Hussain E ytoo Id. No 38066 Department: Agronomy INTERVENTIONS FOR INCREASING NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN FIELD CROPS 1

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3. Why NUE?????? Import of fertilizers of value Rs 34600 crores(2012-13 ). Loss of Rs.2900cr. in India due to losses of N fertilizer . 1% increase in NUE in N & P will save Rs.10056 million Human health issue- in Punjab & Haryana ground water samples had Nitrate-N of > 22mg/L . 3

4. Challenges Facing Indian Agriculture Degrading soil health Imbalanced fertilizer use Emerging multi-nutrient deficiencies particularly of secondary and micronutrients Declining factor productivity Slow growth in food grain productivity 4

5. Fertilizer consumption during 1967-68 to 2011-12 increased 24 times , the increase in food grain production was only 3.5 times. Food Grain (Mt) Fertilizer(Mt) 1967-68 2012-13 1967-68 2012-13 74.5 257.5 1.1 25.5 5

6. Deteriorating balance in NPK The N-P-K ratio worsened acutely in certain states NPK Ratios across states in India for 2013 EAST SOUTH Bihar 12.3 : 3.6 : 1 Andhra Pradesh 7.1 : 2.8 : 1 Orissa 6.2 : 2.4 : 1 Karnataka 3.6 : 1.6 : 1 West Bengal 2.9 : 1.6 : 1 Tamil Nadu 3.9 : 1.5 : 1 NORTH WEST Haryana 61.4 : 18.7 : 1 Gujarat 13.2 : 3.4 : 1 Punjab 61.7 : 19.2 : 1 Maharashtra 3.5 : 1.8 : 1 Uttar Pradesh 25.2 : 8.8 : 1 Rajasthan 44.9 : 16.5 : 1 Uttarakhand 16.3:3.9:1 Chhattisgarh 8.06:3.87:1 6

7. Low nutrient use efficiency Causes Nutrient Efficiency Cause of low efficiency Nitrogen 30-50 % Immobilization, volatilization, denitrification, leaching Phosphorus 15-20% Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe – P, Ca – P Potassium 70-80% Fixation in clay - lattices Sulphur 8-10% Immobilization, Leaching with water Micro nutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B) 1-2% Fixation in soils The loss of N through leaching and volatilization creates pollution and has environmental implications . P & K fertilizers are imported. Skewed distribution of resources in world. Limited supply. 7

8. The cause for low NUE and declining response to N fertilizers can be grouped as follows (NAAS)2005 Low status of soil organic carbon and soil degradation . Susceptibility of N fertilizers to losses by various mechanisms. Imbalanced use of fertilizers. Poor management for secondary and micronutrients, especially S, Zn, Mn, Fe and B. Use of high analysis fertilizers like urea and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and inadequate addition of organic manures . Inappropriate R ate, Time and Method of application. 8

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10. Indices of Nutrient U se E fficiency 10 1. PFP = yield (kg/ha) / Nutrient applied (kg/ha) x 100 2. Agronomic use efficiency = yield (kg/ha) in fertilized treatment - yield (kg/ha) in unfertilized treatment / Nutrient applied (kg/ha) 3. Physiological use efficiency = yield fertilized treatment ( kg/ha) - yield unfertilized treatment (kg/ha) / Nutrient uptake in fertilized treatment (kg/ha) - Nutrient uptake unfertilized treatment (kg/ha) 4. Apparent recovery efficiency = Nutrient uptake in fertilized treatment (kg/ha) - Nutrient uptake unfertilized treatment (kg/ha) / Nutrient applied (kg/ha) Mosier et al. (2004)

11. Interventions for increasing nutrient use efficiency in field crops 1. SOIL BASED INTERVENTIONS Rhizosphere management Soil chemistry modification. Use of controlled release fertilizers and NH3/NH4 inhibitors Source, Method, Rate, and Timing of Application of Fertilizers. Use of Manures. Water Management . 2 . PLANT BASED INTERVENTIONS: Crop management practices. Crop Rotation/ Intercropping. Crop Residue Management. Green Manuring. Use of Nitrogen Efficient Species/Genotypes. Improving biological and Non-biological N fixation. Various tools and techniques. Foliar application and speciality fertilizers. Customized Fertilizers. 11

12. Rhizosphere Mangement Shen et al 2012 china Rhizosphere management not only increases maize yield by 5–15 % with high yields of 12–15 t ha –1 , but also saves considerable chemical inputs by reducing fertilizer application (40–50% for fertilizer N and by 33% for P) 13

13. Rhizosphere Enrichment through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Zhang, et . al., 2013 (A) Mechanisms of nutrient mobilization from soil by Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their contribution to P nutrition and plant growth; (B) pre inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sweet potato seedlings; and (C) effects of AMF on sweet potato growth. 14

14. Lavakush, et. al., 2014 BHU Varanasi Effect of rhizosphere enrichment on growth & yield of rice Treatments P content (%) in grain No. of grain panicle−1 Grain Yield (g p ot −1 ) Control (Uninoculated) 0.226 ±0.001 a 114.00 ±1.732 a 22.38 ± 1.329 a 30 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 0.238 ±0.003 abcd 122.00 ±1.732 bc 25.93±17.381 bcd 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 0.242 ±0.002 bcd 126.00 ±1.732 cde 26.46 ± 0.614 abcde CPC + 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 0.232 ±0.003 ab 117.00 ±1.452 ab 23.95 ± 0.603 ab CPC + 30 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1   0.245 ±0.003 cde 125.00 ±1.732 cd 27.26±0.629 cdef CPC + 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 0.249 ±0.003 def 129.00 ±2.081 def 28.53 ± 0.717 def CPC=Combined Pseudomonas Culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BHUJY16, P. aeruginosa BHUJY20, Pseudomonas putida BHUJY13, Pseudomonas putida BHUJY23 and Pseudomonas fluorescence BHUJY29 . Data are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 3), Mean values in each column with the same superscript(s) do not differ significantly by Duncan post hoc multiple comparison tests (P≤0.05 ). Strain culture 1 ml. Pot size 28cm,with 7kg soil/pot,3 seedling/pot. 15

15. SOIL CHEMISRTY MODIFCATION treatment Rice yield(t/ha) Apparent N+P+K recovery in (Rice) Wheat yield (t /ha) Apparent N+P+K recovery(wheat) T1- Control 1.78 - 1.71 - T2- Farmers practice (N100,P40,K0) 3.56 - 2.70 - T3- 100% NPKZn (STR-Soil test recommendation 4.62 69.1 3.01 60.0 T4- T3 + Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ ha 5.00 84.6 3.21 67.2 T5- T3 + pressmud @ 5 t/ ha 5.29 91.1 3.31 69.1 T6- T3+ NADEP compost @ 5 t/ ha 5.21 91.0 3.26 72.4 T3+FYM@5t/ ha+ PSB+BGA / Azotobacter 5.36 95.4 3.35 76.4 LSD(P=0.05) 0.23 - 0.16 - Mishra et al , Kanpur(2013) pH 9.3, (EC) 0.68 dS /m, (OC) 3.8 g kg, (ESP) 33.2, gypsum requirement(GR) 10.75 t/ ha, available N 128 kg/ ha , available P 18.7 kg/ha, available K 270 kg/ ha

16. Nitrification inhibitors in agriculture. Name (chemical, trademark) Solubility in water (g/l) Relative volatility Mode of application 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (Nitrapyrin; N-serve) 0.04 (at 20°C) High Suitable with anhydrous ammonia for soil injection 2-amino-4-chloro methyl pyrimidine 1.25 (at 20°C) High Coatings on solid nitrogen fertilizers Dicyandiamide (DCD), cyanoguanidine 23.0 (at 13°C) Low Blend with urea or other solid nitrogen fertilizers DMPP Low Blend with urea or other solid nitrogen fertilizers Subbarao et al., 2006

17. Influence of Natural and Synthetic Nitrification Inhibitors on Grain and Straw Yield of Wheat, total nitrogen uptake and total apparent recovery Treatment. Straw yield Grain yield(t/ha) Available N(kg/ha) after wheat harvesting Total Nitrogen Uptake(kg/ha) Total Apparent N recovery(%) B: C Ratio Control 7.51 3.3 133.07 114.17 - - Urea(200 kg/ha)* 9.11 3.8 137.87 159.73 22.78 - Urea +DMO* (1.00%) 10.00 5.12 148.99 208.19 47.02 20.79 Urea +M. spicata oil (1.00%) 9.91 4.34 153.85 191.54 38.68 2.69 Urea +Terpenes (1.00%) 9.15 3.89 147.29 160.6 23.34 0.94 Urea+ DCD (1.00%) 9.2 3.95 158.21 180.88 33.13 0.29 CD(5%) 0.08 0.57 13.10 11.16 - - *DMO- Dementholized oil Soil pH 8.5, N(168),K(107),P(12.80) kg/ha . Var- HD 2329 *Applied at 0,24 &92 DAS. P& K@60 kg/ha by SSP & MOP as basal. Kiran et al,1998 CIMAP , Lucknow 18

18. Method of Application (Patakh et al., 2003) Underuse 19

19. Deep Placement of Urea Supergranules Reduces expenditures for urea by 20%-25 %. Increases paddy yields by 15%-25 %. Encourages algal biological nitrogen fixation because of low flood water nitrogen concentration . Reduces phosphorus runoff when urea-diammonium phosphate is deep placed. Ensures nitrogen availability beyond the flowering stage when applied at an appropriate rate IFDC—International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development 20

20. Production of Urea Super granules(USG) Prilled Urea(1-2 mm) Briquetting Machine for USG USG( 1-3 grams/particle) 21

21. Effect of different methods of urea fertilizer application on the yield of Rice. Soil pH6.1, OM(1.1%),N(0.145%),P(3.8ppm),K(0.12%) T1-control T 2-58kgN/ha by Urea T 3-58kg N/ha by USG T4-58 kg/ha by NPK briquettes All the treatments received 16 kg P and 42 kg K ha-1 from TSP and MOP, respectively Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan 27 Hossain et al 2009 Dhaka. 22

22. Effect of different methods of phosphorus application in wheat P levels (kg/ha) Grain yield(t/ha) PUE(%) 2.10d - 61 3.27c 10.78a 104 4.06a 10.22b 140 3.80b 9.90b LSD(P=0.05) 0.16 0.37 P application method Band placement 3.74 8.48a broadcast 3.64 6.67b LSD(P=0.05) 0.11 0.26 23 pH 7.8, organic matter 0.8%, Olsen P 7.7 mg/ g and Extractable K 140 mg/ g. Computed levels of P along with 130 kg N and 65 kg K /ha were applied using triple super phosphate (TSP), urea and sulphate of potash (SOP), respectively as sources. Hussain et al Pakistan(2012)

23. Effect of Different Sources Of Nutrient on Nitrogen use efficiency of Rice Treatments Grain yield(t/ha) Nitrogen Use efficiency 2009 2010 mean 2009 2010 T1: 50 % RDFN + cane trash vermi compost @ 2.5 t ha/1 4.4 5.2 4.80 33.5 40.0 T2: 75 % RDFN + paddy straw vermicompost@ 2.5 t ha/1 4.8 5.5 5.15 38.4 42.9 T3: 50 % RDFN + paddy straw vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha/1 4.3 5.0 4.65 30.7 35.9 T4: 100 % chemical fertilizers 4.6 4.8 4.70 33.1 34.0 T5 : Absolute control 2.8 2.4 2.60 - - CD 0.38 0.44 0.42 Rao et al , 2012 ANGRAU Hyderabad pH 7.22),OC(0.51%),Available N(241kg/ha),Available P(27 kg/ha),Available K(309kg/ha) 24

24. Effect of Nano Fertilizers on Wheat Nutrient Use efficiency Treatment Recovery Efficiency(%) Agronomic Efficiency(kg grain/kg nutrient applied) Grain yield(Q/ha) Control N P K N P K 12 50% RDF 88.3 32.3 340.5 33 83 125 37 100%RDF 61.6 32.8 218.0 22 55 83 45 125%RDF 45.7 27.3 184.7 19 48 72 48 50%RDF+NM 104.8 43.3 380.5 39 97 145 41 100%RDF+NM 42.5 22.7 153.0 19 47 70 40 CD(P=0.05) 14.4 3.4 13.4 5 Nanomaterials of gypsum and rock phosphate@ 3kg/ha)soil application Kumar et al ( 2014) Pantnagar 25

25. Increase in Growth, Productivity and Nutritional status of wheat and enrichment in Soil fertility applied with organic matrix Entrapped urea (OMUE ) Treatment Grain yield(q/ha) Protein (DM) % Organic carbon(%) after harvesting pH after harvesting Net input cost(Rs) Net profit(Rs) Soil enrichment control 10 8.4 0.33 8.9 8500 6500 Very low Urea(160 kg/ha) at basal and 30DAT 38 9.6 0.31 8.6 10427 46573 low OMEU(80 kg/ha) 40 9.9 0.35 8.2 10963 49037 high Kumar et al,2012 Haryana OC(0.33%),Total N(330 kg/ha),Available N(110),Available P(20kg/ha),Available K(220Kg/ha). Var-WH-711 OMEU-cow dung: Rice bran: Dried Neem powder : clay soil (1:1:1:1) Urea: OMEU(1:2) immobilized with 25% saresh (20g/kg) used as binder.

26. Efficiency Of Different fertilizers Applied To Rice. Treatment Grain yield(t/ha) AUE(%) Relative Efficiency T1-Control(No fertilizer) 3.0 - T2-PU 3.9 12.23 100 T3-NH4Cl 3.6 9.08 74 T4-(NH4)2SO4 4.0 13.82 113 T5-CAN 4.1 14.60 119 T6-USG 4.4 18.02 151 CD(P=0.05) 0.46 - Soil pH 6.8, OC(0.31%), N(240 Kg/ha),P(12kg/ha),K(200kg/ha). N,P,K applied@76,22,41.5Kg/ha . PU, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, CAN applied at TP(25%), Tillering(50%) and PI(25%). USG(100%)@ 7DAT Jena,1995 Phulbani (Odisha ) 27

27. RECOVERY OF NITROGEN IN SORGHUM FROM DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS Treatment Dry matter(t/ha) N yield (kg/ha) N from soil (kg/ha) NUE(%) Urea* 9.95 83 13 45 Ammonium sulfate* 10.69 100 19 64 Potassium nitrate* 11.0 96 23 76 CV 7 13 11 11 *Applied 60 kg N/ha. OM(0.39%),total P(68 mg/kg), Total N(123mg/kg). Seyni et al ,1992 Niger

28. Effect of Nutrient Rate on NUE in Wheat treatment Grain yield(kg/ha) Recovery Efficiency ( RE= kg nutrient taken up per kg nutrient applied.) N Recovery Efficiency P Recovery Efficiency K T1-NPK@ 100:50:50 1100 0.47 0.13 0.89 T2-NPK@ 120:60:60 1220 0.58 0.21 1.22 T3-NPK@ 150:75:75 1380 0.58 0.16 1.20 CD(P=0.05) 238 4.08 0.46 5.32 29 The available N, P and K are 122.3, 14.8 and 131.5 kg /ha respectively by Urea, SSP, MOP respectively. Var- PBW-363 BATTACHARYA et al BCKV, WB(2014)

29. Effect of time of potassium application in sugarcane treatments AE(%) Average crop growth(g/m2/day) T1-No potassium - 7.91b T2-112kg at planting 215ab 9.61ab T3- 112 kg at 90DAP 201b 9.31ab T4-56kg at planting+56kg at 90DAP 227a 9.82ab T5-168 at sowing 193c 10.61a T6- 84 kg at sowing+ 84 kg at 90DAP 218ab 10.31a 30 Soil loam, OM(0.87%), Available N(0.005%), Available P(7.5mg/kg), Available K(108mg/kg) Seed rate@ 50000 ( 3 budded) N and P2O5 @168 and 112 kg/ ha by Urea & SSP. Full P+ 1/3 N as basal. Remaining N @45& 95DAP . Mudasir et al Pakistan (2013)

30. Effect of application time of fertilizer on maize Treatment a pplica tion YIELD(t/ha) Nutrient Recovery (%) N P K T1-Cotrol(No fertilizer) 0.44d - -- - T2-Basal+ N @86.5 Kg/ha at 32DAE 4.63c 29.6 71.0 149 T4-Split 3 times at basal(20%), 30DAE(40%),50DAE(40%). 7.70a 42.3 82.2 204 T5-Split 4 times equal splits @basal(20%),30(40%),40(40%),& 60(20%)DAE. 7.31a 42.1 83.9 214 31 Soil loamy sand , N(130mg/kg),P(5.2mg/kg),K(43.8mg/kg) T2-basal application @28 kg N,12.2 kg P and 23.3 kg K /ha . Bell et al Thailand 2009

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32. Effect of seedlings age and plant spacing on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of rice under system of rice intensification. Treatment Grain yield(t/ha) N uptake(kg/ha) P uptake(kg/ha) K uptake(kg/ha) B:C Ratio Spacing 25* 25 cm 7.32 122.3 35.7 155.1 1.59 30*30 cm 6.52 112.7 32.5 142.6 1.37 CD(P=0.05) 4 4.1 1.3 4.7 0.1 Transplanting Time(days) 8 6.64 112.1 32.9 145.5 1.36 10 7.49 126.3 35.9 156.3 1.67 12 7.17 122.9 35.4 152.6 1.56 14 6.37 108.7 32.1 140.9 1.31 CD(P=0.05) 0.19 4.1 1.2 4.1 0.07 Singh et al 2014, BHU sandy clay loam, OM(0.42%), N(197 kg/ha), Phosphorus(23kg/ha),potassium(207 kg/ha) 1.0: 0.5: 0.5: kg/100 m2 NPK

33. Efficiency of Applied Nutrients in Hybrid Maize Under Drip Fertigation Treatments AE(kg grain/kg nutrient) Nutrient uptake at harvest (Kg/ha) N P K N P K T1-100% RDF once in 6 days 20.7 40.7 40.7 220.8 25.2 232.9 T2-100% RDF once in 12 days 18.8 37.7 37.7 212.7 25.1 226.6 T3-100% RDF Once in 15 days 18.5 37.1 37.1 209.5 25.2 226.4 T4-150% once in 6 days 18.2 36.4 36.4 243.7 28.9 263.0 T5-150% once in 12 days 17.3 34.6 34.5 241 28.8 260.5 T6-150% RDF once in 15 day 17.0 33.9 33.9 236.4 28.7 252.5 T7- 100% RDF with surface irrigation 11.6 23.1 23.1 171.2 20.2 178.5 T8- CONTROL(NO FERTILZER) 126.9 11.6 132.4 CD(P=0.05) NOT ANALYSED 14.1 2.8 16.1 sandy clay loam, NPK(232,18.6 & 445 kg/ha)Paired row 120+30*20 cm. seed rate 20kg/ha,RDF@150:75:75 with urea and potash with Fertigation @ 25:50:25% NK at 6-30,30-60 ,60-90DAS respectively Sampath kumar,TNAU ,2010 34

34. Nitrogen and irrigation effects on water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat under sandy loam soil Irrigation (mm) NUE N Rate (kg/ha) WUE N Rate(kg/ha) 40 80 120 40 80 120 8.5 5.5 1.5 5.3 7.6 8.1 6.0 50 20.2 18.4 17.8 6.3 9.5 11.3 13.3 150 33.2 25.4 18.0 5.7 10.3 11.9 11.8 300 30.2 30.3 23.7 4.6 7.4 9.5 10.2 Bhale et al. (2009)

35. Effects pre- sowing seed treatment on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Indian Mustard under Rained conditions . treatment Field emergence(%) Plant height(cm) Seed yield (kg/ha) Nutrient(Kg/ha) uptake N P K T1- Control 72.1 119.86 616 20 6.25 40.68 T2-water soaking 75.9 120.2 703 23 7.09 43.57 T3-1% K2SO4 77.1 119.84 726 25 7.89 44.96 T4-1% KCl 79.4 120.32 720 25 7.87 44.76 T5-1% KH2PO4 82.7 121.23 768 27 8.05 47.06 T6-0.25%Na2HPO4 84.0 123.34 805 29 8.78 48.86 T7-Dithanae M-45 86.2 125.54 825 31 8.94 50.02 CD(P=0.05) 4.1 NS 86 3.36 0.94 2.69 Var- B 85, Soil –alluvial under sub-humid sub tropics Soil fertility- 0.05%, 6.68kg, 43 kg/ha. NPK@40,4.5,8.5 kg/ha Acharaya et al , Kalyani (WB)2 004 36

36. Method of sowing under saline conditions treatment Yield(t/ha) Maize(Ganga-5) Wheat (Sarbati Sonora) Flat sowing 0.93 2.19 Sowing on side of ridges 1.85 2.51 Sowing in furrow 1.19 2.52 37 In a saline/alkali soil (EC 4.8 dS/m, ESP 55) S K Gupta Kanpur(2015)

37. Inter cropping for improving nutrient use efficiency Intercropping Remarks Maize+ Peanut Maize improved iron nutrition of peanut phytosiderphore released from maize roots may mobilize Fe(III) and benefit the iron nutrition of peanut plant. Chick pea+ Wheat Chickpea-facilitated P nutrition in associated wheat chickpea can mobilize and absorb some organic P by releasing phosphatase into soil. Faba bean/maize intercropping. Intercropping reduced nitrate accumulation in soil Profile .The decrease was about 0–41% for wheat and 0–31% for Faba bean. 38

38. Legume based Interactions between inter-cropped legumes and cereals P-deficient intercropping system 39 Decrease in the soil pH from 6.5 to 4.1 can result in10-fold increase in the P released into soil solution -Li et al., 2007 Maize Faber bean Zhang et al., 2010

39. Crop residue management 40

40. (1) N doses are in kg/ha. The succeeding wheat crop received 30 kg N/ ha. Both rice and wheat received 20 kg P/ ha as single super phosphate and 30 kg K / ha as murate of potash Treatments Amount applied(Mg/ha) Amount of NPK added/recycled(kg/ha/yr) Grain yield (Mg/ha) under different doses of Nitrogen applied to rice( 1) N P K 40 60 120 Sesbania green manure 5.5 143 22 121 8.1 8.9 9.3 9..3 Cowpea green manure 3.5 59.5 15.7 25.2 7.9 8.9 9.2 9.4 Mungbean residues (after picking pods) 1.9 28.9 4.0 14.1 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.1 Control 6.3 7.7 7.7 8.1 FYM 10 42 25 52 7.8 8.6 8.6 9.3 CD(0.05) - - - - 0.3 Integrated effects of crop residues/organic manures and levels of N on the total grain production of a Rice-wheat cropping system. ( Misra and Prasad ,2000 ) 41

41. Effects of sources of phosphorus and bio fertilizers on productivity and profitability of soybean - wheat system Treatment Soybean grain (S) yield(t/ha) Wheat grain (W) yield(t/ha) Agronomic efficiency for Recovery Efficiency(%) S W T1- 1SP 2 4.5 24 42 26(soybean 31 T2-1RP 1.68 3.66 15 17 15 9.5 T3-PSB 1.57 3.73 - - - - T4-VAM 1.51 3.57 - - - - T5-0.5SP 1.78 3.94 37.5 58 36.5 39 T4- 0.5SP+PSB- 1.87 4.11 37.5 67.5 42.5 49.5 T6-0.5 SP+VAM 1.95 4.36 45 88 48.5 72 T7-0.5 SP+PSB+VAM 2.09 4.58 48 99.5 53 81 T8-0.5 RP 1.57 3.53 23 23 21.5 11.5 T9-0.5 RP+PSB 1.87 4.05 41.5 62 43 43 T11- 0.5 RP+PSB+VAM 2.07 4.31 51.5 78 55.5 57.5 Control 1.17 3.17 - - - CD 0.15 0.39 Mahanta et al IARI, 2008 Sandy loam, 0.58% organic C ,pH8.36,Available N (149.4 kg/ha), Available P (13.8 kg/ha) available K (140.2 kg/ha PSB@500g, VAM@5kg , N (30 kg N/ha for soybean and 120 kg N/ha for wheat)and K (33.2 kg/ha for both soybean and wheat) as urea and murate of potash. Var-HD 2643 & PK 1042 42

42. 1.To establish yield target – the crop’s total needs 2. Effective use of existing nutrients 3. Fill deficit between total needs and indigenous supply Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM ) Feeding Crop at needs! “ Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) is the dynamic, field-specific management of nutrients in a particular cropping season to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their differences in cycling through soil-plant systems.” (Dobermann and White, 1999) 43

43. LCC and SPAD Meter Simple leaf colour chart (LCC) is a simple tool which is a proxy for leaf N is used as an indicator of leaf colour. Leaf color intensity and leaf N status Right time of N application Generally critical value for semi dwarf high yielding varieties is 4.0. If the average value fall below 4.0, top dress N fertilizer (20-30 kg/ha) to correct N deficiency Benefits Reduce pest/disease pressure Reduce leakage into environment LCC saves nearly 26% fertilizer N Helps to synchronize N supply, crop demand and enhance N use efficiency 44

44. Leaf colour chart (LCC) based N management in direct -seeded rice Treatment Total N applied (kg/ha) Grain yield (t/ha) N uptake (kg/ha) RE (%) AE (kg grain/ kg N applied) Control 3.05 68 - - 80 kg N/ha at 0, 20, 40 and 60 DAS 80 4.63 111 53.8 19.8 120 kg N/ha at 0, 20, 40 and 60 DAS 120 4.72 124 46.7 13.9 30 kg N/ha at LCC < 3 (at 25 and 50 DAS) with 20 kg N/ha at 0 DAS 80 5.36 127 73.8 28.9 30 kg N/ha at LCC < 4 (at 25 and 41 DAS) with 20 kg N/ha at 0 DAS 80 5.23 121 66.2 27.3 CD at 5% - 0.39 12.1 2.7 5.2 (Singh et al ., 2008) PAU, Ludhiana 45

45. It uses active light source to measure and determine N rate by comparing it with a N rich strip within the field  Benefits - Fast and precise optical sensing Reduce crop fertilizer costs Only apply nitrogen to plants that need it  Real time variable rate fertilizer application Collect data during existing farming operation Green seeker 46

46. Treatment Fertilizer N application (kg N /ha) Grain yield (t/ha) Total N uptake (kg/ha) AE (kg grain kg −1 N applied) RE(%) Basal at sowing CRI, 1 ST irrigation 2 nd irrigation 3 rd irrigation Total 1 1.89 39.2 2 75 75 150 4.56 138.3 17.8 66.1 3 80 25a 105 4.01 107.7 20.2 65.2 4 40 40 25a 105 4.24 115.5 22.4 72.7 5 80 37a 117 4.21 113.2 19.8 63.2 6 40 40 29a 109 4.47 112.0 23.7 66.8 CD at 5% 0.42 10.11 3.29 7.45 (Singh et al., 2011 ) Karnal Evaluation of Green Seeker-based N management ( PBW 343) Soil pH 8.2,OC(3.9%), N total(0.64 g/kg),P(8.9mg/kg),K(12.2mg/kg) AE (Agronomic efficiency of applied N) RE ( Recovery efficiency of applied N) a GreenSeeker-guided N application

47. PERFORMANCE OF RICE AS AFFECTED BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT K FERTILIZER SOURCES Treatments No .Of tillers yield (t/ha) K Contents % K uptake Recovery % Agronomic Efficiency(kg grain /kg nutrient) paddy straw paddy straw paddy straw Control 10.29d 2784d 3909d 0.36d 1.45c 10.09d 56.78 - - KCl 11.84c 3024c 4199c 0.42c 1.41d 12.77c 63.60 23 13.12 K2SO4 13.89a 3336a 4876a 0.50a 1.66a 16.74a 80.3 72.8 8.69 KNO3 12.67b 3150b 4518b 0.46b 1.58b 14.32b 71.49 45 5.66 Shahzad et al 2005 Pakistan pH 7.4, OM (0.65%), N-N03(5.4 mg/kg),P(4.12 mg/kg),K(68.0 mg/kg) The basal dose of N, P and Zn were applied @ 100, 50 and 10 kg/ ha as urea, SSP and ZnS04, respectively. K sources @ 1.5% Solution at 30 and 45 DAT Var-Basmati -385 K2SO4 produced more no of tillers 48

48. Improved nitrogen use efficiency due to interaction with other nutrients Crop and N fertilization(kg/ha) NUE(kg grain /kg N applied) Additional fertilization(kg/ha) NUE(kg grain/kg applied N) Wheat -120 20.3 + 90 kg S 25.9 Rice -120 21.6 +60 kg P 24.6 Corn -120 8.8 +60 kg P 13.6 Sorghum-120 11.7 +60 kg P 17.1 Sunflower-60 8.8 +30 kg P 12.6 Soybean-80 +0.4 kg Fe 9.0 Tobacco-224 0.9 +0.22 kg Mo 3.1 49 Aulakh and Mahli (2005)

49. Speciality fertilizers crop Specialty fertilizer Concentration(%) No of sprays Stage of spraying Rice polyfeed 1 1 Max tillering Multi-K 1 1 Grain filling Maize polyfeed 1 1 Knee high Multi-K 1 1 Grain filling soybean polyfeed 1 1 Max. vegetative growth sunflower polyfeed 0.5 1 Grain floret cotton polyfeed 1 1 Square formation Mung bean polyfeed 1 1 Pod development Polyfeed NPK Blend 19-19-19 MULTI-K: Potassium Nitrate 13-00-46 50

50. Speciality fertilizers For foliar Spray MONO POTASSIUM PHOSHATE: Water soluble Phosphate as P205(min.52%). Water soluble Potash as K2O(min.32%). sodium as NaCl (dry basis) max.0.025%. Moisture content max(0.5%). Spray Recommendations : 5-6 gm / Lit of Water for Fruit Crops / Vegetables / Kharif -Rabi Crops. Potassium Nitrate (NOP) Nitrate Nitrogen (as NO 3 ) 13 % min Water Soluble Potash (as K 2 O) 45 % min Sodium (as Na ) (Dry Basis) 1 % max. Matter Insoluble in water 0.05 % max Moisture Content 0.5 % max Spray Recommendations : 7-10 gm / Lit of water for Fruit crops / Vegetables / Kharif - Rabi crops. 51

51. Customized Fertilizers in INDIA Crop Formulations ( N:P:K: Zn/ N:P:K:S:Zn:B) Geography Wheat 10:18:25:3:0.5:0 Muzaffarnagar,Barielly,Bijnore,Hathras, Pilibhit,Mathura, Meerut and Etah Sugarcane 7:20:18:6:0.5:0 Moradabad, KR Nagar, Farukhabad and Ferozabad Paddy 8:15:15:0.5:0.15:0 GB Nagar, Ghaziabad, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Mainpuri and US Bagar Maize 20:0:15:0:0:0.2 Andhra Pradesh Ground nut 15:15:15:9:0.5:0.2 Andhra Pradesh Paddy 15:32:8:0.5, 18:33:7:0.5 Andhra Pradesh Grapes, Sugarcane 10:20:10:5:2:0.5:0.3:0.2 Aurangabad, Nasik, Pune and Ahmednagar Rakshit et al IARI, 2012 52

52. Comparative evaluation of tools and strategies for enhancing fertilizer N use efficiency Tools/strategies Benefit cost Limitations Site-specific N management High Has to be developed for every Infrastructure required. Chlorophyll meter High Initial high cost Leaf color chart Very high None Controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors Low Lack of interest by industry 53

53. Tools/strategies Benefit Cost limitation fertilizer placement High Lack of equipment Foliar N application High Lack of equipment, risk Remote sensing tools Low Needs fine tuning Precision farming technology High Needs fine tuning Breeding strategies Medium Limited research effort 54

54. Measures to increase nutrient use efficiency Measure Nutrient Increase in nutrient use efficiency(%) Split vs. single dose application N 15-20 Furrow placement vs. broadcast application PK 20-30 The incorporation of urea super granules (USG) vs. split application N 20 The foliar vs. basal application Micro-nutrients 15-20 Neem coated vs. prilled urea N 5-10 Preferential application of phosphorus to wheat in rice-wheat sequence P 50 55

55. Probable Gains in Nutrient use Efficiency in F uture Giller et al . 2004 56

56. Conclusion Widespread nutrient deficiencies and deteriorating soil health are causes of low nutrient use efficiency, productivity & profitability . Adoption of site-specific balanced and integrated nutrient management involving major, secondary and micro nutrients, organic manures, biofertilizer and amendments. Utilizing all indigenously available nutrient sources to reduce dependence on imports . Developing new efficient fertilizer products/ approaches. Effective soil testing service to back up precise fertilizer use . Creating awareness amongst farmers on benefits of balanced fertilization. 57

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