Occurrence, GSI and HSI Index of Cyprinus intha (Annandale, 1918) in Samkar Inn (Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township, Southern Shan State”.pptx

“Occurrence, GSI and HSI Index of Cyprinus intha (Annandale, 1918) in Samkar Inn
(Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township, Southern Shan State
Abstract
Background
Every species of organisms must be reproduces for perpetuation of their own kinds.
Reproduction in lower vertebrates including fish is seasonal, through some fish species may
show a continuous reproductive cycle such as mouth brooding cichlid, Oreochromic spp.
Most fishes spend much of their lives and energies for reproduction. The Inlay carp, locally
known as Nga-phane, Cyprinus intha Annandale, 1918, is a native fish and is inhabited in a
variety of aquatic environments in Southern Shan State (Annandale, 1918) as well as
Thanlwin (Salween) basin and probably Mekong basin (Fishbase, 2007a).This species plays
an important role in the food supply, as well as come into being a culture symbol of the local
Intha species. It is likely that its population is more and more decrease year after year in
various waters of Inlay environs, due to overfishing, eutrophication, and hybridization with
introduced carp. This study aimed to document its morphological characteristics, assess
population occurrence, and raise awareness about its conservation.
Methods: Ten Cyprinus intha specimens were collected monthly from Samkar Inn (Lake)
between October 2019 and January 2020. Morphometric measurements, fin formulae, and
scale counts were recorded. The timing and duration of the spawning season was estimated
by the gonadosomatic index (GSI).The GSI as the quotient between the gonad weight and
total weight of the fish. To examine monthly variations in feeding intensity and to correlate
these variations with breeding cycles by the Hepatosomatic index (HSI). Monthly mean
values of condition factor (K) were also calculated to confirm the spawning season. The basic
assumption underlying the use of condition factors is that fish in better “condition”
(nutritional and health status) are more full-bodied and therefore heavier at a given length.
Gonadosomatic indices (GSI) and Hepatosomatic indices (HSI) were calculated for sex
determination and reproductive stage assessment.
Results and Discussion
A total of 35 Cyprinus intha were recorded, with the highest number in November and
January. GSI and HSI values were higher in females than males, peaking in November. Table
.1 GSI, HIS and Condition factor of (20) Female Cyprinus intha in October 2019 to January 2020.
The results show the condition factor (K) value in female was greater than 1. The environmental
factors, food supply and parasitism have great influence on the health of the fish. The
condition factor also give information when comparing two populations in certain feeding,
density, climate and other condition; when determining the period of gonadal maturation and
when following up the degree of feeding activity

1. OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FISH IN SAMKAR IN (LAKE), SOUTHERN SHAN STATE WITH EMPHASIS ON THE POPULATION STATUS OF THE CYPRINUS INTHA (ANNANDALE, 1918) INLE CRAP Occurrence and Species Composition of Fish in Samkar In (Lake ), Nyaung Shwe Township, Southern Shan State and the Fishing Gears Employed Occurrence , GSI and HSI Index of Cyprinus Intha (Annandale, 1918) in Samkar In ( Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township, Southern Shan State Relative Abundance of Fish Fauna and Heavy Metal Concentrations in t he Muscles of Cyprinus Intha (Annandale, 1918) In Samkar In (Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township AYE MIN WIN AYE 3PhD Zool 7 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MANDALAY MYANMAR May, 2023

2. AYE MIN WIN AYE 3PhD Zool-7 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MANDALAY MYANMAR May , 2023 OCCURRENCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FISH IN SAMKAR IN (LAKE), SOUTHERN SHAN STATE WITH EMPHASIS ON THE POPULATION STATUS OF THE CYPRINUS INTHA (ANNANDALE, 1918) INLE CRAP

3. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FISH FAUNA AND HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE MUSCLE OF CYPRINUS INTHA (Annandale, 1918) IN SAMKAR IN (LAKE), NYAUNG SHWE TOWNSHIP AYE MIN WIN AYE 3Ph.D Zool-7 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MANDALAY Supervisor Dr Naw Dolly Wilbur Professor (Retired) Department of Zoology University of Mandalay May, 2023

4. Fish is one of the major components of the aquatic ecosystem and fish also form a relatively cheap, nutritious and white meat source of food for a variety of animals and human begins. Fish constitute slightly more than one-half of total number of approximately 54, 711 recognized living vertebrate species; three are descriptions of an estimated 27,977 valid species of fishes (Nelson, 2006 ). Fishes have also been used as pollution indicators. Significant changes in the species diversity and abundance of stream fishes have been related to declining water quality. Fish distribution and abundance in different habitats is related to availability and abundance of food and substrate types (cited by Wynes et al., 1981). Freshwater is essential for life (humans, domestic livestock, wild animals, plants and microorganisms) and freshwater fishes are a direct indicator of the health of our planet. INTRODUCTION

5. Most of the threats to their survival are human induced (Reid et al., 2013 ). In developing countries, fish utilization is developed. Many nations’ fishes are the important elements in the economy and also play an important role in the production of animal feeds and compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover , inland fisheries are the most heavily exploited aquatic resources in the world. It produces about one quarter of the world’s food fish and more than three quarters of the world’s fish production is consumed by humans. They are consumed locally, marketed domestically and often contribute to the subsistence and livelihood of people in the rural areas (FAO, 2009 ). Composition of the fish community can be good indicators of fish habitat quality, as fish population in degraded habitats is usually dominated by one or a few very tolerant species (Morrows and Fischenich , 2000).

6. The number of species presents and their abundance structure are two fundamental attribute of a community and their diversity promotes the stablility of communities and ecosystem processes (Taylor and Holder., 2006 ). Cyprinus intha belong to the family Cyprinidae of the class Actinopterygii which is endemic to lake Inle , is a staple of the local diet of the inthas . This species of carp continued decline due to overfishing and environmental water condition that not have aquaponics for all classes of fish especially Cyprinus intha . Cyprinus intha inhabits the shallow zone of the Lake, especially in area with dense submerged vegetation and muddy with high organic bottom. Spawning of this species usually takes place in water with temperature ranging from 24ºC to 26ºC, between November and March. ( Myo 2014).

7. During the past decades, Lake Inle has been going through severe environmental degradation brought about by siltation and pollution. Siddle et al . (2007) cited that between 1886 and 1948, the Lake had shrunk by 15% while its open water surface area had been reduced by 32% between 1935 and 2000 One of the major causes of the decreasing area and surface water is deforestation in the mountains flanking the Lake as well as along the banks, and agricultural encroachment and the practice of shifting cultivation on the lakeshores (Su and Jassby , 2000) Within the Lake, cultivation of tomatoes and to certain extent squash and cut flowers in floating gardens which the inthas have been practicing for a long time ( Siddle et al., 2007) has impacted the water quality of the Lake due to excessive use of agro-chemicals. (Akaishi et al., 2006)

8. Fish species are an important indicator of ecological health. The abundance and health of fish will show the health of water body. Fish species diversity can be used as a biological indicator to show the level of aquatic pollution contributing to environmental quality. Biodiversity affects the capacity of living system to respond to changes in the environment underpins ecosystem function and provide the ecosystem with goods and services that support human well-being. This has led to the development of some management programs to conserve and to increase needs for the freshwater fish population ( Zainudin , 2005). Fish, as human food, are considered as a good source of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly omega-3 fatty acids), calcium, zinc (Zn), and iron. Due to the lower cost and higher nutritive value, it is one of the most important sources among the food products of animal origin.

9. In future, seafood will be an vital source of food protein and the safety for human consumption of products from aquaculture is of public health interest. Heavy metals are an important source of food contamination and health hazard. The main threats to human health are associated with exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and copper. Absorption of heavy metals through food has been shown to have serious consequences on health– such as kidney disease, damage to the nervous system, diminished intellectual capacity, heart disease, gastrointestinal diseases, bone fracture, cancer and death. Heavy metals are contaminants in the aquatic environment as well as became toxic health threat for human. Fish play important role in condensing the toxicity of heavy metals which have a great ecological significance due to their cumulative behavior and toxicity. Essential metals are important for the normal metabolism of fish, and non-essential metals may accumulate in their organs ( Canli & Atli 2003).

10. Essential metals include Fe, Cu, Zn and manganese ( Mn ), whereas non-essential metals are Hg, Pb , nickel (Ni) and Cd ( Türkmen et al. 2005). Heath (1995) found that high concentrations of heavy metals affected the growth and development of fish during early life stages such as hatching, larval development and juvenile growth because they were more sensitive during these stages than during mature stages. Evidently , fish form the link for the transfer of toxic heavy metals from water to humans (Ashraf et al. 2010). The harmful effect of trace elements when consumed above the recommended limit can be toxic (acute, chronic or sub-chronic), and heavy metals can be neurotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic . The general symptoms of humans related to metal [e.g., Cd, Pb , As, Hg, Zn, Cu and aluminium (Al)] poisoning include vomiting, convulsions, paralysis, ataxia, hemoglobinuria , gastrointestinal disorder, diarrhoea , stomatitis, tremor, depression and pneumonia ( McCluggage 1991 ).

11. Inle Lake also provides one of the large fishery resources within Shan State, supporting livelihoods of a large human population living in a lake and along its fringes. Inlay Lake is also regarded as one having the highest water plant diversity in Myanmar. Major in inflows into the site come via Inlay, Sagar Inn and Mobye reservoir. It include Nanlatt Chaung (streams) from north, Thanduang and Balu Chaungs (streams)from west and Ye Pe Chaung (streams) from the northwest. The major outflow is the Balu Chaung (streams) at the southern end of the lake, which links it to Samkar lake (streams) and Mobye Dam. Mobye Dam is an artificial reservoir created by the impoundment of the lower Balu Chaung (streams) by the Law Pi Ta dam and hydropower station. The reservoir sits in the same shallow basin as Inlay and Sagar lakes, but is less well studied and general characteristics of water quality and depth are not known by ( RSIS V.1.6., 2020).

12. Most of poor fishers, traders and transporters are directly or indirectly dependent on Lake Inle area. There are various kinds of livelihoods in the study area and fishing as one of the bread earner for local fishermen, so that there is a need to redandify and record the fishes in Samkar In before some of the species might in future be lost forever and to maintain environment environmentally for the long term preservation of the fishes than thrive in the In. The present study was conducted with the following objectives: - to evaluate the relative abundance of the fish fauna in Samkar In (Lake) - to investigate the Heavy metals concentration level in Cyprinus intha

13. Study Area Samkar Lake is situated in Nyaung Shwe Township, Southern Shan State Myanmar. It lies at (20º 6' 8.6292" N, 96º 56' 46.8816"E; 2900.3ft ) above the sea level . Study Period from September 2019 to August 2022 first study period (September 2019 to August 2020), second study period ( September 2020 to August 2021) and third study period ( September 2021 to August 2022) according to hydrology and meteorology, seasonally; hot season (February to May), rainy season (June to September), cold season (October to January ) STUDY AREA AND STUDY PERIOD

14. Specimen Collection Specimens were collected from local fishermen market of Inle and Samkar environs Preservation of the Specimens Dorsal muscle was selected as a major target tissue for metal analysis because muscle tissue is known as a main storage for metals and is the most appropriate part as a food. For fish sample, muscle tissues were separated using stainless steel knife followed by cleansing, homogenization, labelling , and storage in polypropylene tubes in the refrigerator on the same day of collection. Identification and Classification of Fish Specimens Collected fish specimens were identified and classified according to. Day (1878), Jayaram (1981) Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Ferraris (1996) and Jayaram (2013) .

15. Sample preparation and digestion Sample preparation method (Wet Digestion Method ) In this study, all samples were prepared and digested as previously published ( Atobatele & Olutona , 2015; Baharom and Ishak , 2015; Ismail and Saleh , 2012; Mendil et al., 2010 ). Briefly , dorsal muscle tissue was dried in an oven at 100 °C for 12 hours till constant weights were obtained. separately crushed and homogenized by using mortar one gram of dried sample was transferred to a digestion conical flask . treated with 5 mL of concentrated HNO (65 %) using a classic digestion-heater at 150°C for 20 minutes.

16. Sample preparation and digestion After cooling, 3 mL of H O (50%) were added to each digestion conical flask. completing digestion process, the mixture was cooled at room temperature and filtered The filtrate was transferred to a conical flask and completed to 25 ml with 0.1N HNO solution the digested solution was kept in appropriate plastic bottles till analysis steps were repeated three times for each sample and a blank In order to prevent contamination, all equipment were cleaned and washed well with ultra-pure nitric acid before digestion process. 

17. Analysis Method Mercury = In house method based on AOAC official method 974.14(HG-3000 Hydride Generation ) Cd/ Pb = In house method based on AOAC official method 999.11 ( Gf 3000 Graphite Furnance ) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ( GBC 932 AA) Data Analysis Species Composition Species Composition = Number of species in a specific order x100 Total number of species in all order recorded

18. Relative abundance = Total number of individuals of the species Total number of individuals of all species in a particular site Relative Abundance The relative abundance was calculated using by Bisht et al., (2004) The average relative abundance was determined as; Uncommon ( uC ) = having relative abundance less than 0.0100 Common (C) = having relative abundance of 0.0100 and above but less than 0.0500 Very common ( vC ) = having relative abundance of 0.0500 and above

19. Fig. 1.Samkar In (Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township

20. Plate.1 . (A) Samkar In (Lake), Nyaung Shwe Township, (B) Preparation of the fish sample (A) (B)

21. Result During the study period (September 2019 to August 2022) 31 fish species, 21 genera, 13 families and six orders were recorded During the third study period, (From September 2021 to August 2022) 26 fish species, 21 genera, 13 families and eight orders were recorded ( Table-1)

22. Composition of Fish species Order Cypriniformes - 50.00% (13 species), Synbranchiformes - 15.38 % (four species) , Anabantiformes - 11.54% (three species) , Siluriformes - 7.69% (two species) Osteoglossiformes - 3.85% (one species ) Perciformes - 3.85% (one species ) Cichliformes - 3.85% (one species ) Gobiiformes - 3.85 % (one species)

23. Relative Abundance of Fish Species During the first study period (2019-2020), a total of 695169 individuals the highest number of 156192 individuals (October , 2019) the lowest number of 3305 individuals (April , 2020) the highest number of 154684 individuals were found in Oreochromis niloticus the lowest number 18 individuals were recorded in Botia histrionica 16 species were found uncommon while six species as common and the remaining seven species were considered as very common. (Table 1)

24. Relative Abundance of Fish Species During the second study period (2020-2021), a total of 672210 individuals highest number of 141543 individuals (December , 2020) lowest number of 5735 individuals (May , 2021) highest total number of individuals was found in O. niloticus (175074 individuals), lowest number 42 individuals were recorded in Labeo calbasu 17 species were found uncommon five species as common six species were considered as very common ( Table 2)

25. Relative Abundance of Fish Species During third study period (2021-2022), a total of 663795 individuals highest number of 135791 individuals was collected in December, 2021 lowest number of 9243 was collected in May, 2022 highest total number of individuals was found in Oreochromis niloticus (220936 individuals), lowest number 27 individuals was recorded in Macrognathus aral Relative abundance indicated that 18 species were found uncommon four species as common four species were considered as very common at the study area. (Table 3)

26. Relative Abundance of Fish Species During the whole study period (September, 2019 to August, 2022), a total of 2031174 individuals representing 31 freshwater fish species, belong to 23 genera, 15 families and nine orders was recorded hightest number of 416394 individuals was collected in December and the lowest number of 18452 individuals in May . the highest total number of individuals was found in Oreochromis niloticus (550694 individuals), lowest number 18 individuals was recorded in Botia histrionica . Relative abundance indicated that 19 species were found uncommon while seven species as common and the remaining five species were considered as very common at the study area. (Table 4 )

27. Comparison on the relative abundance of fish species in the three study period , in the first study period, relative abundanced indicated that seven species Notopterus notopterus , Puntius chola , Puntius sophore , Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei , Clarias batracus , Oreochromis niloticus and Glossogobius giuris were appear as very commom Oreochromis niloticus was the largest individual number of species from the this study period

28. Comparison on the relative abundance of fish species in the three study period , In the second study period, relative abundanced indicated that six species namly Notopterus notopterus , Puntius chola , Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei , Clarias batracus , Oreochromis niloticus and Glossogobius giuris were appear as very commom Oreochromis niloticus was the largest individual number of species from the second study period .

29. In the third study period relative abundanced indicated that four species namly Oreochromis niloticus , Notopterus notopterus , Clarias batracus and Lepidocephalichthys berdmoreisince they were observed very large number and very commom . Oreochromis niloticus was the largest individual number of species During the whole study periods (September, 2019 to August, 2022), five species were considered as very common at the study area, Oreochromis niloticus , Notopterus notopterus , Clarias batracus , Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei and Puntius chola . Oreochromis niloticus was the largest individual number of species from the whole study periods.

30. Heavy metal concentrations in the muscle of Cyprinus intha concentration levels of four metals Mercury (Hg), Lead ( Pb ), Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) has been definied from the muslcle of Cyprinus intha ( Inle crap). In the present study, concentration of heavy metals level in the tissue samples of C. intha was found in order of Lead ( Pb ) 0.16ppm > Mercury (Hg) 0.0135pm > Cadmium (Cd) 0.0045ppm > Arsenic (As) 0.003ppm Heavy metal level in tissues sample of study fish species showed less than permissible limits of metals for issued by FAO/WHO (1993) and FAO(2011).

31. Sr.No . Order Family Genus Species Common name Local name 1 Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus N. Notopterus Bronze featherback Nga-phe 2 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cyprinus C. Capio Common carp Shwe-wa - Nga-gyin 3 C. Intha Inle carp Nga-phein 4     Labeo L. Boga Boga labeo Nga-lu-phyu 5       L. Rohita Rohu Nga - gyin - myet -san- ni 6     Barbonymus B.Gonionotus Ptian fish Thai- nga - khone -ma 7     Osteobrama O. Belangeri Manipur osteobrama Nga - phan -ma, Nga - phe-aunk 8     Puntius P. Chola Swamp barb Nga - khone -ma 9   P. Sophore Spot fin swamp barb Nga - khone -ma 10     Systomus S. Sarana Olive barb Nga - khone -ma-toke 11 Cirrhinus C. Mrigala Mirigal Nga-gyinphyu 12     Gibelion G. Catla Catla Nga - ohn -don or Hin – gan 13   Xenocyprididae Ctenopharygodon C. idellus Grass carp Myet-sar - Nga-gyin 14   Cobitidae Lepidocephalichthys L. Berdmorei Burmese loach Nga - tha -le-doe 15 Siluriformes Clariidae Clarias C. Batrachus Spotted catfish Nga -Ku 16   Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes H. Fossilis Stinging catfish Nga - gyi 17 Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Monopterus M. Cuchia Cuchia Nga-shint 18 Mastacembelidae Macrognathus M. Aral One striped spiny eel Nga-mway-ni 19     Mastacembelus M. Armatus Spiny eel ( Zig-Zag ) Nga - mway -doe 20       M. Zebrinus Zebra spiny eel Nga - mway -doe 21 Perciformes Ambassidae Parambassis P. Ranga Indian glassy fish Nga-zin – zat 22 Cichliformes Cichlidae Oreochromis O. Niloticus Nile Tilapia Salapia 23 Gobiformes Gobiidae Glossogobius G. Giuris Tank goby Naing-lun-nga 24 Anabantiformes Osphronemidae Trichopodus T. Pectoralis Snake skin gourami Nga - phyin - tha -let 25   Channidae Channa C. Striata Stripted snake head Nga - yant -auk/ Nga-yan 26       C. Harcourtbutleri Inle snakehead/ Burmese snakehead Nga -ohm-met List of fish species recorded from Samkar In (Lake) during September 2021 to May 2022

32. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 1 Notopterus notopterus + + + + + + - - + + + + 2 Cyprinus capio + + + + + + + - - + + + 3 C. intha - + + + - - - - - + + - 4 Puntius chola + + - - - - - - - - + + 5 P. sophore + + - - - - - - - - + + 6 Systomus sarana + + + + + + + - - - + + 7 Barbonymus gonionotus + + - - - + + + + + + + 8 Osteobrama belangeri + + + + + + + - - + + + 9 Cirrhinus mrigala + + + + + + + - - + + + 10 Gibelion catla + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 Labeo boga + + + + + - - - - - + + 12 L. rohita + + + + + + + + + + + + 13 Ctenopharygodon idellus + - + + + + + + + + + + 14 Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei + + + + + - - - - - - + 15 Clarias batrachus + + + + + - - - - - - + 16 Heteropneustes fossilis + + - - - - - - - - - + 17 Macrognathus aral + + - - - + + + + + + + 18 Mastacembelus armatus + + - - - + + - - - - + 19 M. zebrinus + + - - - + + - - + + + 20 Monopterus cuchia + + + + + - - - - + + + 21 Parambassis ranga + + - + - - - + - - - + 22 Oreochromis niloticus + + + + + + + + + + + + 23 Glossogobius giuris + + + + - - - - - - - + 24 Trichogaster pectoralis - - - - - + + - + + - - 25 Channa striata + + + + + - - - - - - + 26 C. Hercourtbutler + + + + + - - - - - - + Total 24 24 17 18 15 14 13 7 8 14 17 24 - = absent, + = present Monthly occurrences of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2021 to August, 2022

33. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total R.A Status 1 Notopterus notopterus 12000 33000 33700 15075 4100 920 2620 8250 14580 124245 0.17873 vC 2 Cyprinus capio 30 61 79 16 12 17 74 20 13 7 329 0.00047 uC 3 C. intha 40 48 10 16 24 138 0.00020 uC 4 Puntius chola 10060 19850 7800 6900 44610 0.06417 vC 5 P. Sophore 9600 14900 6200 5000 35700 0.05135 vC 6 Systomus sarana 1105 988 1560 785 560 325 215 557 980 7075 0.01018 C 7 Barbonymus gonionotus 470 842 150 106 185 220 237 2210 0.00318 uC 8 Osteobrama belangeri 595 982 212 25 20 17 10 28 36 97 2022 0.00291 uC 9 Cirrhinus mrigala 19 22 13 6 11 7 37 32 29 176 0.00025 uC 10 Gibelion catla 505 890 1980 1566 150 5091 0.00732 uC 11 Labeo boga 312 720 1360 1125 1420 128 253 5318 0.00765 uC 12 L. calbasu 18 10 11 3 42 0.00006 uC 13 L. rohita 18 38 65 57 25 9 3 2 5 4 12 6 244 0.00035 uC 14 Botia histrionica 8 10 18 0.00003 uC 15 Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 5250 9875 14225 22155 51050 1860 104415 0.15020 vC 16 Clarias batrachus 5900 15660 19850 39200 16520 5130 102260 0.14710 vC 17 Heteropneustes fossilis 350 905 87 1342 0.00193 uC 18 Rhinomugil corsula 6 9 12 24 18 8 77 0.00011 uC 19 Macrognathus aral 8 9 4 3 3 27 0.00004 uC 20 Mastacembelus armatus 145 476 115 75 225 1036 0.00149 uC 21 Mastacembelus zebrinus 76 212 35 28 23 374 0.00054 uC 22 Monopterus cuchia 1130 3250 35 64 920 1050 1340 7789 0.01120 C 23 Parambassis lala 195 4820 8455 193 21 69 13753 0.01978 C 24 Parambassis ranga 985 22500 378 12 190 24065 0.03462 C 25 Oreochromis niloticus 9706 14195 34255 42904 11184 9977 4815 3256 3209 5190 7090 8903 154684 0.22251 vC 26 Glossogobius giuris 6230 7820 8650 13800 2960 39460 0.05676 vC 27 Trichogaster pectoralis 250 210 195 256 911 0.00131 uC 28 Channa striata 235 1980 3920 1756 735 48 8674 0.01248 C 29 Channa hercourtbutler 325 2130 4120 1550 860 99 9084 0.01307 C Total number of individuals 65313 156192 130476 139060 86525 13779 7091 3305 3473 9309 31435 49211 695169 Total number of species 27 27 15 17 13 12 11 4 4 12 15 27 Monthly Relative Abundant of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2019 to August, 2020 Uncommon – 16, Very common – 7, Common – 6

34. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total R.A Status 1 Notopterus notopterus 13800 36950 37070 16583 4510 1012 222 2882 9075 16038 138142 0.20550 vC 2 Cyprinus capio 27 52 70 13 11 14 67 14 21 6 295 0.00044 uC 3 C. intha 35 41 15 21 112 0.00017 uC 4 Puntius chola 9030 18900 7020 6200 41150 0.06122 vC 5 P. sophore 8760 13500 5550 4350 32160 0.04784 C 6 Systomus sarana 993 769 430 880 3072 0.00457 uC 7 Barbonymus gonionotus 426 750 88 91 102 143 175 203 207 2185 0.00325 uC 8 Osteobrama belangeri 509 800 201 21 18 11 6 30 32 88 1716 0.00255 uC 9 O. cunma 203 350 108 5 5 17 27 56 771 0.00115 uC 10 Cirrhinus mrigala 17 19 12 5 9 4 32 28 26 152 0.00023 uC 11 Gibelion catla 445 795 803 902 1705 1400 1307 1100 700 306 132 9595 0.01427 C 12 Labeo boga 276 645 113 223 1257 0.00187 uC 13 L. calbasu 16 8 9 6 3 42 0.00006 uC 14 L. rohita 16 35 58 51 22 8 3 2 4 4 11 4 218 0.00032 uC 15 Ctenopharygodon idellus 23 46 87 78 27 20 10 10 16 17 334 0.00050 uC 16 Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 4700 8905 13211 20055 45050 1607 93528 0.13914 vC 17 Clarias batrachus 5400 14160 17730 39200 16520 4730 97740 0.14540 vC 18 Heteropneustes fossilis 320 891 78 1289 0.00192 uC 19 Rhinomugil corsula 5 7 11 23 17 14 10 8 6 6 107 0.00016 uC 20 Macrognathus aral 7 8 13 9 6 5 3 3 1 55 0.00008 uC 21 Mastacembelus zebrinus 136 433 102 64 754 1489 0.00222 uC 22 Monopterus cuchia 1021 2980 3001 3015 2999 55 901 1226 15198 0.02261 C 23 Parambassis ranga 173 4315 171 98 60 4817 0.00717 uC 24 Oreochromis niloticus 10703 16259 37994 46008 13600 11201 5904 4800 4070 6980 7992 9563 175074 0.26045 vC 25 Glossogobius giuris 5307 7111 7599 12400 2740 35157 0.05230 vC 26 Trichogaster pectoralis 220 192 171 224 807 0.00120 uC 27 Channa striata 209 1730 3520 1609 607 41 7716 0.01148 C 28 Channa hercourtbutler 291 1981 3507 1400 764 89 8032 0.01195 C Total number of individuals 62848 132440 124982 141543 84145 14417 7755 6329 5736 11126 31743 49146 672210 Total number of species 27 27 16 17 12 13 12 8 10 13 17 27   Monthly Relative Abundant of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2020 to August, 2021 Uncommon – 17, Very common – 6, Common – 5

35. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total R.A Status 1 Notopterus notopterus 15800 37950 37270 17834 5500 1200 321 3209 9984 17607 146675 0.22096 vC 2 Cyprinus capio 20 49 60 11 8 13 65 10 12 4 252 0.00038 uC 3 C. intha 8 11 7 2 1 29 0.00004 uC 4 Puntius chola 5200 12006 5080 4443 26729 0.04027 C 5 P. sophore 8360 6400 7504 3509 25773 0.03883 C 6 Systomus sarana 544 235 129 102 115 107 78 177 430 1917 0.00289 uC 7 Barbonymus gonionotus 398 608 67 88 96 112 134 176 174 1853 0.00279 uC 8 Osteobrama belangeri 388 400 106 11 9 13 6 12 15 27 987 0.00149 uC 9 Cirrhinus mrigala 11 13 8 4 5 4 12 14 11 82 0.00012 uC 10 Gibelion catla 432 554 402 452 1543 1222 754 609 350 155 76 6549 0.00987 uC 11 Labeo boga 150 332 327 341 321 65 114 1650 0.00249 uC 12 L. rohita 11 28 43 41 15 6 1 1 3 1 7 2 159 0.00024 uC 13 Ctenopharygodon idellus 13   47 44 18 12 5 5 9 8 161 0.00024 uC 14 Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 3600 7430 12131 19055 40050 1407 83673 0.12605 vC 15 Clarias batrachus 4300 13260 16655 34900 15120 4430 88665 0.13357 vC 16 Heteropneustes fossilis 243 456 56 755 0.00114 uC 17 Macrognathus aral 6 7 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 27 0.00004 uC 18 Mastacembelus armatus 124 332 86 56 201 799 0.00120 uC 19 M . Zebrinus 123 335 54 21 17 11 389 950 0.00143 uC 20 Monopterus cuchia 1001 2870 2887 2854 2654 30 777 1137 14210 0.02141 C 21 Parambassis ranga 165 4009 123 74 48 4419 0.00666 uC 22 Oreochromis niloticus 15203 19625 39794 48600 18100 16205 9904 8700 8070 10980 11992 13763 220936 0.33284 vC 23 Glossogobius giuris 3530 5007 5500 9400 2040 25477 0.03838 C 24 Trichogaster pectoralis 200 167 122 109 598 0.00090 uC 25 Channa striata 187 1130 2450 1004 366 30 5167 0.00778 uC 26 C. Hercourtbutler 200 1301 2339 1008 400 55 5303 0.00799 uC Total number of individuals 60009 114345 120159 135791 82676 19515 11615 9627 9243 14873 35980 49962 663795 Total number of species 24 24 17 18 15 14 13 7 8 14 17 24   Monthly Relative Abundant of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2021 to August, 2022 Uncommon – 18, Very common – 4, Common – 4

36. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total R.A Status 1 Notopterus notopterus 41600 107900 108040 49492 14110 3132 543 8711 27309 48225 409062 0.20139 vC 2 Cyprinus capio 77 162 209 40 31 44 206 44 46 17 876 0.00043 uC 3 C. intha 75 97 11 7 12 32 45 279 0.00014 uC 4 Puntius chola 24290 50756 19900 17543 112489 0.05538 vC 5 P. sophore 26720 34800 19254 12859 93633 0.04610 C 6 Systomus sarana 2642 1992 1689 887 675 432 293 1164 2290 12064 0.00594 uC 7 Barbonymus gonionotus 1294 2200 305 285 198 255 494 599 618 6248 0.00308 uC 8 Osteobrama belangeri 1492 2182 519 57 47 41 22 70 83 212 4725 0.00233 uC 9 O. cunma 203 350 108 5 5 17 27 56 771 0.00038 uC 10 Cirrhinus mrigala 47 54 33 15 25 15 81 74 66 410 0.00020 uC 11 Gibelion catla 1382 2239 1205 1354 5228 4188 2061 1709 1050 461 358 21235 0.01045 C 12 Labeo boga 738 1697 1687 1466 1741 306 590 8225 0.00405 uC 13 L. calbasu 34 18 20 6 6 84 0.00004 uC 14 L. rohita 45 101 166 149 62 23 7 5 12 9 30 12 621 0.00031 uC 15 Botia histrionica 8 10 18 0.00001 uC 16 Ctenopharygodon idellus 36 46 134 122 45 32 15 15 25 25 495 0.00024 uC 17 Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 13550 26210 39567 61265 136150 4874 281616 0.13865 vC 18 Clarias batrachus 15600 43080 54235 113300 48160 14290 288665 0.14212 vC 19 Heteropneustes fossilis 913 2252 221 3386 0.00167 uC 20 Rhinomugil corsula 11 16 23 47 35 14 10 8 6 14 184 0.00009 uC Monthly Relative Abundant of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2019 to August, 2022

37. Sr. No. Species Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Total R.A Status 21 Macrognathus aral 21 24 17 12 8 6 9 7 5 109 0.00005 uC 22 Mastacembelus armatus 269 808 201 131 426 1835 0.00090 uC 23 Mastacembelus zebrinus 335 980 156 85 52 39 1166 2813 0.00138 uC 24 Monopterus cuchia 3152 9100 5888 5869 5653 35 64 1005 2728 3703 37197 0.01831 C 25 Parambassis lala 360 8829 8455 316 21 74 117 18172 0.00895 uC 26 Parambassis ranga 1158 26815 549 110 250 28882 0.01422 C 27 Oreochromis niloticus 35612 50079 112043 137512 42884 37383 20623 16756 15349 23150 27074 32229 550694 0.27112 vC 28 Glossogobius giuris 15067 19938 21749 35600 7740 100094 0.04928 C 29 Trichogaster pectoralis 670 569 488 589 2316 0.00114 uC 30 Channa striata 631 4840 9890 4369 1708 119 21557 0.01061 C 31 Channa hercourtbutler 816 5412 9966 3958 2024 243 22419 0.01104 C Total number of individuals 188170 402977 375617 416394 253346 47711 26461 19261 18452 35308 99158 148319 2031174     Total number of species                               Uncommon – 19 , Very common – 5 , Common – 7 Monthly Relative Abundant of fish species recorded in Samkar In (Lake) during September, 2019 to August, 2022 (Continued)

38. Sr.no Order Family Genus Species Percentage 1 Osteoglossiformes 1 1 1 3.85% 2 Cypriniformes 3 10 13 50.00% 3 Siluriformes 2 2 2 7.69% 4 Synbranchiformes 2 3 4 15.38% 5 Perciformes 1 1 1 3.85% 6 Cichliformes 1 1 1 3.85% 7 Gobiiformes 1 1 1 3.85% 8 Anabantiformes 2 2 3 11.54%   Total 13 21 26 100% Species composition of different orders in the study area during September, 2021 to May, 2022

39. Species name (ppm) Total Mercury Hg Total Lead Pb Total Cadmium Cd Total Arsenic As Cyprinus intha (Inle carp/Nga-phein) 0.0135 0.16 0.0045 0.003 FAO/WHO (1993) 0.5 2.0 0.5   FAO(2011)       0.5 Heavy metal concentrations in the muscle of Cyprinus intha ( Inle carp/ Nga-phein ) in the study area during the study period (ppm in wet weight)

40. Five species were very common species Notopterus notopterus Puntius chola achus   Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei Oreochromis niloticus Clarias batrachus   Relative Abundance Very Common Species

41. Gibelion catla Monopterus cuchia Puntius sophore Prambassis ranga       Channa hercourtbutler Glossogobius giuris Channa striata Seven species were common species Common Species

42. 19 species were uncommon species (A) Cyprinus intha Systomus sarana Cypritinus carpio Barbonymus gonionotus Osteobrama belangeri Osteobrama cunma Cirrhinus mrigala Labeo boga L. calbasu L. rohita Botia histrionica Ctenopharygodon idellus Uncommon Species

43. Trichogaster pectoralis Parambassis lala Mastacembelus armatus   Mastacembelus zebrinus   Macrognathus aral Rhinomugil corsula Heteropneustes fossilis 19 species were uncommon species (B)

44. DISCUSSION A total of 31 fish species (2031174 individuals) belong to 21 genera, 13 families and six orders were recorded from Samkar Lake during the study period from September 2019 to August 2022 . in third study period, order Cypriniformes was dominant , 50.00% (13 species), and the lowest number of species was observed in orders Osteoglossiformes , Perciformes , Cichliformes and Gogiiformes with 3.85% (a single species) in each During the three study period the highest number of 29 fish species with the highest 695169 individuals was recorded in the first study period and the lowest number of 26 species with 663795 individuals was observed

45. Among the species recorded, five species were considered as very common, 19 species as uncommon, and seven species were appeared as common Among six orders, the highest number of species 16 fish species was encountered in order Cypriniformes followed by order Perciformes was seven species, order Synbranchiformes was four species, Siluriformes was confined to two species lowest anumber , single species was observed in each of the order in Osteoglossiformes and Mugiliformes .

46. During the first study period, a total of 29 species was recorded and in second study period 28 species was recorded. Among them Labeo rohita and Oreochromis sp. were observed all the month of the first study period and second study period. Ctenopharygodon idellus , and O. cunma were not observed in first study period Botia histrionica M. armatus and Parambassis lala were not recorded in second study period. highest number of fish species composition shown in the order Cypriniformes , lowest species composition was Observed in two orders Osteoglossiformes and Mugiliformes .

47. According to fish species composition, family Cyprinidae was found to be dominant group. Lagler et al., (1962) who reported that cyprinids were the major freshwater fishes. Similarly, in the present study, the order Cypriniformes was the largest of all fish orders recorded, a total of 16 species, belonging to nine genera and two families t dominance of Cyprinidae may be due to the high adaptive variability Htay Htay Sein , (2010) recorded 43 fish fauna in Lay- Ein -Su-Let- kyar In (Lake) in Myingyan Township ,Mandalay Region and stated that Notopterus notopterus , Labeo rohita , Wallago attu and Channa striata were commercial fish. In the present study W. attu was not recorded .

48. Aye Su Mon, (2016). recorded 41 fish fauna in in Khule In (Lake), Singu Township, Mandalay Region,in Myingyan Township ,Mandalay Region and stated that, Labeo rohita , Oreochromis sp., and Channa striata were commercial fish in her study area. In present work these mentioned species are commercially important fishes . The fish species recorded from Samkar In environs, the following species are considered as economically important fishes including Notopterus notopterus , Cyprinus capio , Cyprinus intha Catla catla , Cirrhinus mrigala , Labeo rohita , Clarias batrachus , Oreochromis sp., Glossogobius giuris , C. hercourtbutler and Channa striata were recorded.

49. Therefore , it appeared that the study area provides an important food source for consumers of the Samkar environs. Some people utilized the Labeo rohita , Oreochromis sp., and Clarias batrachus fish spcies in natural condition without preservation, some local people made the smoke fish not only for domestic needs but also for commercial scale . economically important fishes including Notopterus notopterus , Cyprinus capio , Cyprinus intha Catla catla , Cirrhinus mrigala , Labeo rohita , Clarias batrachus , Oreochromis sp., Glossogobius giuris , C. hercourtbutler and Channa striata were recorded .

50. the study area provides an important food source for consumers of the Samkar environs. Some people utilized the Labeo rohita , Oreochromis sp., and Clarias batrachus fish spcies in natural condition without preservation, some local people made the smoke fish not only for domestic needs but also for commercial scale . Two endemic spcies Cyprinus intha and Channa hercourtbutler were recordrd . Notopterus notopterus , Channa striata , Clarias batrachus are native species of Myanmar. During the study period the number of endemic species ( Cyprinus intha ) recorded was very low compared to the data of previous workers of Samkar Lake.

51. According to IUCN Red List 2011, this species is endangered species and may be impacted (competition and hybridisation ) by the introduced Cyprinus species. It is assessed as endangered as the extent of occurrence meets the threshold of less than 5000 km2, an area of occupancy is less than 500 km2 and it is native to only one location and the major threat alluded to overfishing (IUCN 2011 ). Among the recorded lists, Cyprinus intha and Channa hercourtbutler are endemic species.and also the economically important species along the surveyed area and need protection Channa species are commercially importance in native range. Inle carp ( Cyprinus intha ) is a Cyprinid fish commonly found in Inle Lake, is endemic species in Myanmar.

52. The concentration of heavy metal level in the tissue sample of Cyprinus intha was found in order of Lead ( Pb ) > Mercury (Hg) > Cadmium (Cd) > Arsenic (As ). Heavy metal level in the tissue of study species showed less than permissible limits of metals issued by FAO/WHO (1993) and FAO (2011). According to the heavy metals test results, the fish Cyprinus intha are not in harmful, which is a good condition. conservation of the wetland for the future generations to come. Although it is found, the number of Cyprinus intha species is decreasing . It is assumed that, the decline of this study fish species due to the rapid increase in the human population, decline of water quality, over utilization of pesticides, overfishing with using electric shock, the hybridization with Cyprinus carpio

53. the sedimentation from other mountain streams of around Inle lake which resulted to decline the population and survival of Cyprinus intha . In order to meet the demand, many fisherman instead of practicing, conventional means of catching fish by using regular fishing gears, averted to more profitable methods of illegal methods of using chemical pesticides as well as roots of some plants which stunned the fish and the worst, using electric shock that not only affect the fish but also wiped out the fries and eggs and also seriously damaged the overall aquatic fauna there is a need to put awareness in local people to save endemic species of the samkar Lake.Therefore needed to conserve this endangered species C. intha which is being driven to near extinction due to overfishing and environmental degradation in its native habitat.

54. Measuring Morphometric of Cyprinus intha

55. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Professor Dr. New New Khaing , Head of Zoology Department, University of Mandalay, for her accepting the topic of research and invaluable advice during the course of this work. my thanks to Professors of Zoology Department , University of Mandalay Dr . Kay Thi Mya , Dr. Ni Ni Win, Dr. Ye Ye Lwin , Dr. San San Htay for their encouragement to conduct this work Special thanks are offered to Dr. Naw Dolly Wilbur, Professor (Retire), Department of Zoology, University of Mandalay for her supervision, helpful suggestions and criticisms. I am also obligated to Professor Dr . Thant Zin , for his suggestions and invaluable advice. Appreciation is also extended to my parents and family for supporting large amount of time and funding to do this research conveniently.

56. 56 THANK YOU

57. Thank you for Attention