Opthalmoscope ppt-pdf-notesdownload .pdf

An ophthalmoscope is a medical instrument used by optometrists and ophthalmologists to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels. This procedure is known as ophthalmoscopy or fundoscopy. It is one of the most essential diagnostic tools in clinical eye examination because it helps in the early detection of many eye and systemic diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and papilledema.

Principle:

The principle of the ophthalmoscope is based on illumination and magnification. It uses a light source to illuminate the retina and a series of lenses to focus the image of the fundus for observation. The reflected light from the retina passes through the pupil and enters the examiner’s eye, allowing visualization of internal ocular structures.

Types of Ophthalmoscope:

1. Direct Ophthalmoscope:

It provides an upright and magnified (about 15x) image of a small area of the retina.

It is compact, hand-held, and commonly used for routine eye checkups.

The examiner views the fundus through a series of adjustable lenses and a light source aligned with the viewing aperture.

Advantage: High magnification and portable.

Disadvantage: Small field of view (about 5°).



2. Indirect Ophthalmoscope:

It provides a real, inverted, and wider field of view (25–40°) of the retina.

It uses a condensing lens (usually +20D) and a head-mounted light source.

Advantage: Allows examination of the peripheral retina, useful for retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage.

Disadvantage: Requires more skill and training.




Parts of a Direct Ophthalmoscope:

Head: Contains the bulb, viewing window, mirror, and lens disc.

Handle: Contains the power source (battery or rechargeable unit).

Lens Selector Wheel: Allows the examiner to adjust lenses from –40D to +40D for focusing.

Aperture Selector: Includes different apertures such as small, large, slit, red-free (green), and fixation target for special observations.


Uses of Ophthalmoscope:

Examination of retina, optic disc, and blood vessels.

Diagnosis of diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy.

Detection of optic nerve diseases like optic atrophy and papilledema.

Screening of glaucoma, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment.

Used in neurological assessments to check for raised intracranial pressure.


Advantages:

Non-invasive and quick.

Essential for early detection of systemic diseases.

Portable and easy to use in clinical or community screening.


Limitations:

Small field of view in direct type.

Requires clear ocular media (no corneal opacity or dense cataract).


Conclusion:

The ophthalmoscope is an indispensable diagnostic instrument in eye care, bridging the gap between clinical optometry and ophthalmology. Regular ophthalmoscopic examination helps in the early diagnosis and management of sight-threatening conditions and systemic diseases that manifest in the retina.Ophthalmoscope use, ophthalmoscope types, direct and

1. Opthalmoscope
To examine the interior of the eye.
Presented by:- ANMOL SINGH
BOPTOM 2K24
UPUMS SAIFAI ETAWAH

2. Introduction:-
●Ophthalmoscopy is the examination of the
interior of the eye, including the retina,
optic disc, macula, and blood vessels.
●The instrument used is the
Ophthalmoscope.
●It is one of the most important tools for
detecting ocular and systemic diseases.

4. ❖Ophthalmoscopy:
●The technique of visualizing the interior
structures of the eye using an
ophthalmoscope.

❖Ophthalmoscope:
●An optical instrument with an illumination
and viewing system to examine the fundus
(retina and optic disc).

6. History:-
●Invented by Hermann von Helmholtz in
1851.
●Revolutionized ophthalmic diagnosis.
●Modern ophthalmoscopes have
halogen/xenon LEDs and digital imaging
capabilities.

7. Types of Ophthalmoscopy:-
1. Direct Ophthalmoscopy
2. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
3. Monocular Indirect (Panoptic)
Ophthalmoscopy.
4. Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
(BIO)

8. 1.Direct Ophthalmoscopy:-
●Examiner and patient are face to face.
●Produces an upright, magnified image
(15×).
●Field of view: 5° to 10°.
●Used for detailed fundus examination.
●Portable and easy to use in clinics.

10. 2.indirect Ophthalmoscopy:-
●Uses condensing lens and head-mounted light
source.
●Produces an inverted, real image of the fundus.
●Field of view: 25°–40°.
●Allows examination through media opacities
and wide-field view.
●Essential for peripheral retinal examination.

12. Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope

13. Monoocular opthalmoscope

14. Parts of a Direct Ophthalmoscope:-
1. Viewing Window / Eyepiece
2. Lens Disc / Aperture Control
3. Mirror or Prism System
4. Light Source (LED or Halogen)
5. Battery Handle / Power Source
6. Filters (Red-free, Cobalt blue)

17. Optical Principle:-
●Works on the principle of coaxial illumination
— the light and observation path are in the
same axis.

●This allows light to pass into the pupil and
reflect back from the retina to the observer’s
eye.

18. Procedure of Direct Ophthalmoscopy:-
1. Darken the room.
2. Dilate the pupil (optional).
3. Examiner holds ophthalmoscope in right hand for right
eye and left for left eye.
4. Focus on the red reflex.
5. Move closer (about 2–3 cm).
6. Examine optic disc → blood vessels → macula →
periphery.

19. Uses of Ophthalmoscopy:-
●Diagnosis of:
●Retinal detachment
●Glaucoma (optic disc cupping)
●Diabetic & Hypertensive Retinopathy
●Papilledema
●Macular degeneration
●Optic atrophy

20. Advantages:-
●Non-invasive and quick.
●Portable and easy to use.
●Provides detailed image of central
retina.
●Essential for routine eye check-ups

21. Disadvantages / Limitations:-
●Small field of view.
●No stereoscopic (3D) view.
●Difficult in uncooperative or photophobic
patients.
●Limited view in media opacities (e.g.,
cataract).

22. Digital Ophthalmoscopes:-
●Modern versions use digital cameras or smartphones.

●Provide high-resolution fundus images.

●Useful for telemedicine and documentation.

●Example: Keeler Vantage Plus, Welch Allyn PanOptic,
Volk iNview.

23. Clinical Interpretation:-
●Optic Disc: Color, shape, margins, cup-disc ratio.

●Retinal Vessels: Caliber, tortuosity, AV crossing changes.

●Macula: Foveal reflex, pigmentation.

●Background Retina: Lesions, hemorrhages, exudates.

24. Safety & Precautions:-
●Avoid prolonged bright light exposure.
●Maintain instrument hygiene.
●Use correct hand–eye coordination.
●Refrain from touching eyelashes or
cornea with the lens.

25. Comparison Table:-
●FeatureDirectIndirect
●ImageUprightInverted
●MagnificationHigh (15×)Low (2–5×)
●Field of ViewNarrowWide
●Stereo ViewNoYes
●PortabilityHighModerate

26. "Vision is the art of
seeing what is invisible
to others." ??????
?????? Presented by: Anmol Singh
?????? Bachelor of Optometry – UPUMS

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