oral presentation Anmol, Maninder and Parneet.pptx

Biotechnology

1. Shigella sonnei : virulence and ant ibiotic resistance Presented by- Anmoldeep Kaur Parneet Kaur Maninder Kaur

2. Background

3. This review aimed to highlight the S. Sonnei , as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research and findings, including epidemiological features, and evolving mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. Sonnei Understanding of this deadly pathogen as to overcome and tackle it has been a serious emerging problem.

4. Symptoms

5. Epidemiology

6. Pathogenesis S. sonnei employs multiple mechanisms for survival and proliferation within hosts, such as inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses and modulating B-cell and T-cell regulation. It overcomes gut-specific barriers (gut microbiota and mucus layer) partly through the action of the invasion plasmid antigen ( ipaH ) and the invasion-associated locus ( ial ). Virulence Factors and Invasion Mechanisms The surface protein IcsA plays a crucial role in attachment to host cells, facilitated by bile salts. The g4C capsule protects the bacteria from serum-mediated killing and is distinct from traditional lipopolysaccharides. Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) is crucial for delivering effector proteins into host cells, with components like IpaB , IpaC , and IpaD facilitating membrane pore formation for effector protein entry.

7. Intracellular Survival and Immune Evasion S. sonnei invades through M cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, causing inflammatory colitis while simultaneously evading host immune responses. It resists host antimicrobial actions and can induce macrophage pyroptosis to escape immune detection. Genetic Adaptations and Environmental Interactions Genomic studies reveal the presence of biosynthetic genes for lipopolysaccharide and multiple O-Ag layers on the bacterial surface, indicating a sophisticated mechanism for avoiding host defenses. Interbacterial Competition and Niche Adaptation Possesses a functional Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) for niche-specific colonization and interbacterial competition. Produces colicins and mucinases to outcompete phylogenetically related bacteria in the gut.

8. Method of diagnosis

9. laboratory diagnostic techniques

10. Treatment

11. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of S. sonnei among different classes of antibiotics

12. PREVENTION AND CONTROLLING STRATEGIES

13. conclusion

14. Future PERSPECTIVE

15. References Al- dahmoshi , H. O. M., Al- khafaji , N. S. K., Al- allak , M. H., Salman, W. K., & Alabbasi , A. H. (2020). A review on shigellosis: pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance. Drug invention today, 14 , 793–798. Babaei , S., Bajelani , F., Mansourizaveleh , O., Abbasi, A., & Oubari , F. (2017). A study of the bactericidal effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on shigella sonnei and salmonella typhimurium. Journal of babol university of medical sciences, 19 (11), 76–81. Https://doi.Org/10.18869/acadpub.Jbums.19.11.76 Lampel , K. A., Formal, S. B., & Maurelli , A. T. (2018). A brief history of shigella. Ecosal plus. Https:// doi.Org /10.1128/ecosalplus.Esp-0006-2017 Shad, A. A., & Shad, W. A. (2020). Shigella sonnei : virulence and antibiotic resistance. Springer- verlag gmbh germany , part of springer nature .