Order Poales

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1. ORDER : POALES Presented by, Tina Kalita Ranamantu Das Jyotirmay Nath Rajashree Nath Krishna Ram Basumatary

2. Contents Systematic position Introduction Salient features Groups & families Affinities Range of floral structures Economic importance

3. SYSTEMATIC POSITION According to APG III System ( 2009 ) Domain:Eukaryota Kingdom:Plantae Clade :Tracheophytes Clade :Angiosperms Clade :Monocots Clade :Commelinids Order: Poales

4. INTRODUCTION The  Poales  are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. The APG III system (2009) accepts the order within a monocot clade called commelinids, and accepts the 16 families. Common wheat ( Triticum aestivum )

5. SALIENT FEATURES The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts. They are arranged in inflorescences (except in three species of the genus  Mayaca , which possess very reduced, one-flowered inflorescences) The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch. The order consists of several lineages that have traditionally been recognized as groups, the members of which have often migrated from one group to another. This order can be divided into 3 groups - grass group, cattail group and sedge group.

6. 16 Families under poales : Anarthriaceae Bromeliaceae Cyperaceae Ecdeiocoleaceae Eriocaulaceae Flagellariaceae Joinvilleaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Poaceae Rapateaceae Restionaceae  (including  Centrolepidaceae ) Thurniaceae Typhaceae Xyridaceae

7. GROUPS AND FAMILIES GRASS GROUP The seven families that make up the grass group within Poales are Poaceae , Restionaceae , Centrolepidaceae , Anarthriaceae , Ecdeiocoleaceae , Flagellariaceae and Joinvilleaceae . Generally, plants in the group exhibit reduced (simplified) flowers with a one- to three-chambered ovary containing only one pendulous ovule per chamber. There are one to three stamens (male pollen-producing structures) in all . This latter family, which has a single genus and four species, also differs in being composed of climbers with elongate leaves ending in a tendril, by which they climb. Pollination is mostly by wind. The associated Joinvilleaceae are hollow-stemmed reedlike herbs of the Malaysian and Pacific regions. Avena sativa

8. Poaceae Distribution of Poaceae: The family is commonly known as grass family. It is one of the largest among the angiospermic families. It consists of 620 genera and 6,000 species. The members are cosmopolitan in distribution. The plants represent all the 3 ecological types as hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes . In India it is represented by 850 species. Characters of Poaceae: Mostly herbs, stem jointed, fistular , cylindrical; leaves simple, alternate, sheathing, sheath open, ligulate ; inflorescence compound spike; flowers zygomorphic , hypogynous , protected by palea ; perianth represented by 2 or 3 minute scales (lodicules); stamens 3, versatile; carpel one, style 2 or 3, stigmas feathery, basal placentation ; fruit caryopsis; testa fused with pericarp .

9. CATTAIL GROUP The cattails comprise two families ( Sparganiaceae and Typhaceae ) and two genera ( Sparganium  and  Typha ) of erect or floating marsh, pond, and streamside plants found mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The two families are closely related and have similar technical characters, including separate petalless , wind-pollinated male and female flowers in dense inflorescences (clusters), but the plants differ significantly in appearance. Typha angustifolia  L.

10. typhaceae Distribution of Typhaceae: Small family of monotypic genus – Typha and with 15-20 species, which are distributed both in temperate and tropical regions. Characters of Typhaceae: Herb tall of marshy places, perennial, leaves erect, linear, distichous , thick and spongy; flowers monoecious , minute, densely crowded in cylindrical bracteate spikes; perianth of 5 hair or O; male flower with stamens 2-5, filament capillary, anther erect, bi-celled; female flower – ovary 1, unilocular; fruits nutlets ; seeds endospermic

11. SEDGE GROUP The three families of the sedge group are Cyperaceae,  Juncaceae , and  Thurniaceae . The flowers of these families are usually small, greenish, and bisexual, and they are crowded into dense terminal or lateral clusters. The members of this group are pollinated typically by the wind. The plants grow from a horizontal or upright rootstock that produces one leafy shoot annually. Carex sp.

12. Cyperaceae Distribution of Cyperaceae: The family is commonly known as ‘Sedge family’. It is distributed throughout the world but most abundant in temperate zones. It comprises 70 genera and 4000 species. In India it is represented by 441 species.   Characters of Cyperaceae: Plants usually herbs with 3 angled stem, solid culm; leaves with entire sheathing base not split on one side; flowers in spikelets of cymes, subtended by a single glume, naked or with perianth of scales or hairs; stamens 1 to 3; carpels 2 or 3, ovary superior, unilocular with single basal ovule; fruit an achene or nut, seed endospermic.

13. RANGE OF FLORAL STRUCTURE : Poales is an order which has variety of families and thus it also has a variety in floral structures also.The inflorescence of poales is usually spike or a penicle of spikelets . Each spikelets consists of one or few flower and its base includes two empty bracts which is also known as glumes. A third glume,called lemma stand opposite to the second glume,the lemma enclses a flower in its axil . It may have bristle like appendage known as awn. Opposite to the lemma,there is smaller glume called palea.the spikelet may be sessile or stalked.

14. Fig-a Spike of poales

15. AFFINITIES : Affinities of Poaceae: The family Poaceae ( Gramineae ) closely resembles the family Cyperaceae and the two families have been placed in same order Glumiflorae by Engler and Prantl , and Glumaceae by Bentham and Hooker. Hutchinson (1964), Butzin (1965) and Takhtajan (1969) placed the families into 2 separate orders, the Cyperales and Graminales on the basis of many differences viz., 1. leaf sheath, 2. jointed and unjointed stem, 3. single bract and lemma and palea , 4. seed coat etc. Cronquist (1968) considered that the families are also related on account of some chemical data. Hegnauer (1963) has also supported the same view. Hutchinson (1959) believes that the origin of Grasses i.e., the family Poaceae ( Gramineae ) took place on parallel line with Cyperaceae through Juncaceae which was derived directly from Liliforean stock.

16. Affinities of Typhaceae: Bentham and Hooker placed the family in the series Nudiflorae while Engler and Rendle placed it in series Pandanales . According to Engler and Rendle it is the first and most primitive in the Monocotyledons because of simple unisexual flowers consisting of one for few essential organs; where as Hutchinson placed it in separate order Typhales with Sparganiceae after Arales , he regards Typhales as very reduced order derived from Liliaceae on parallel line with Araceae . Typhaceae has some affinity with Araecae . Affinities of Cyperaceae: The family Cyperaceae closely resembles Poaceae ( Gramineae ), hence most of the taxonomists have included it with Poaceae ( Gramineae ) under Glumiflorae . Hutchinson and Wettestein placed the family Cyperaceae in a separate monotypic order Cyperales and considered it to have been derived from the members of Juncales or Juncaceae on parallel line with Poaceae ( Gramineae ). Snell, R.S. (1936) and Blasser , H.W. (1940) indicated that Cyperaceae is not related to Poaceae ( Gramineae ).

17. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE : Importance of Poaceae: Food: Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa, Zea mays (Maize), Hordeum vulgare (Jaw), Sorghum vulgare ( Jowar ), Avena sativa (Oats), Pennisetum typhoides ( Bajra ) are cultivated for cereals and food grains. Fodder: Many grasses as Cynodon dactylon , Panicum , Cymbopogon , Agrostis , Poa are grown for fodder. Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane; H. Ganna ) is cultivated for gur and sugar. Aromatic grasses: Many grasses yield scented oils which are used in perfumery viz. Vetiveria zizanioides (H. Khus khus ) yields vetiver oil from the roots. The roots are also woven into curtains. Andropogon odoratus (Ginger grass), Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), Cymbopogon martini (Geranium grass), Cymbopogon jawarancusa etc. also yield oil. Medicinal: Phragmites karka , Cymbopogon schoenanthus etc. are medicinal. Secale cereale is cultivated for infection of its inflorescence by Claviceps purpurea for production of Ergot and for extraction of ergotine . Ergotine is an excellent remedy for uterine contraction. Paper: It is manufactured from certain species of grasses and bamboos.

18. Importance of Typhaceae: The root stock of T. angustata is astringent and diuretic. The down of the ripe fruit of T. elephantina is used as an application to wounds and ulcers, which acts as a medicated cotton. The root stocks are used in measels , dysentery and gonorrhoea . The stamens and pollen grains of T. laxmanni are astringent and styptic. The leaves of T. elephantina are used for thatching. The leaves of T. latifolia are used to manufacture baskets, mats, and seats of chair. According to Cook (1958) the flowers of T. angustata are used in the preparation of a yellow cake called Bur and is eaten by the natives all over Sind area. Importance of Cyperaceae: Food: The tubers of Cyperus esculentus (H. Kaseru ) are used as food due to their high oil content. The tubers yield 25 to 30% oil of pleasant taste. The tubers of Eleocharis tuberosa are also edible. Fodder: Many species of Cyperus are taken by cattle as fodder. Medicinal: The tubers and rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus , C. iria , C. longus are carminative, stimulant and tonic. The tubers of Cyperus stoloniferous are stimulant for heart. The tubers of Scirpus kysoor , S. grossus are used in diarrhoea and vomitting . Scirpus articulatus is purgative.

19. References College Botany – Book Studies in Botany – Book Google.com

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