organic chemistry alkynes presentation pptx

organic chemistry presentation pptx

1. DOCTOR OF PHARMACY FIRST SEMESTER

2. Conjugation definition The process of electron density shifting from one place to another is known as conjugation in which electron density decreases at one place and increases correspondingly at some other place. OR Conjugation is the overlap of one p-orbital with another across an intervening sigma bond .

3. Introduction Delocalization of electron is the shifting of electron density. It is done to make a molecule more stable. If electron density shifts then it is called "delocalized" and if it cannot shift then it is called as "localized". Molecules possessing CH2=CH2 (multiple bond/degree of unsaturation), conjugation occurs. CH2=CH2 (have got one sigma and one pibond )→ sp2 hybridization. Pi bonds are formed because half electron density is above and half is below.

4. Conjugated System A conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in molecules which are conventionally represented as having alternating single and multiple bonds.

5. EXPLANATION In case of sigma bond, the electron pair is shared between the two nuclei while in pi bond the electron density exists above and below the bond axis. If it is not able to shift it is called "localized" e.g. Ethene (CH2 = CH2). While in compounds having more than 3-p orbitals on adjacent atoms, may cause electron shifting as in allyl radical or benzene.

6. Cont … Each carbon atom have p-orbitals, electrons are in motion. They make bonds by jumping. Thus electron density may increase or decrease around the three carbon atoms. So molecule may become like - CH2 CH=CH2 Similarly, in benzene, each carbon atom is sp2 hybridized and it's structure is planar (one at specific angle ) Each carbon atom in Benzene is "planar"

7. Cont … If angles are not specific then electron density cannot shift. Each carbon atom forms 3 sigma bonds, 2 with adjacent carbons and one with hydrogen and it also possess one unhybridized p-orbital. Since all six carbon atoms possess six unhybridized p-orbitals, two forms are possible .

8. CONDITIONS FOR CONJUGATION 1 ) There must be p-orbitals on 3 adjacent atoms 2) The atoms having p-orbitals must be in same plane

9. CHARACTERISTICS The conjugated ion, radical and molecule are more stable than non-conjugated system The difference in energy between conjugated molecule and theoretical unconjugated molecule (analogue) is called “delocalized or resonance energy.

10. TYPES OF CONJUGATION Linear CONJUGATION The molecule in which conjugated orbital is linear are said to be “linear conjugated” Cross CONJUGATION molecule while in which it’s branched is called “cross conjugated ” CONJUGATION TOPIC IS COMPLETED

11. Alkene Introduction Alkene is a hydrocarbons containing at least one C-C double bond Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) General formula, CnH2n (n=2,3,...) Classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons (compound with double or triple carbon-carbon bonds that enable them to add hydrogen atoms. sp²-hybridized For example: C₂H₄ - ethylene CH2=CH2 Alkenes are also called Olefins because they form oily liquids on reaction with Chlorine gas.

12. Alkene highly reactive then alkane why??? Alkenes are more reactive than their related alkanes due to the relative instability of the double bond. They are more likely to participate in a variety of reactions, including combustion, addition, hydrogenation, and halogenation reactions.

13. Structure

14. Isomerism in Alkenes Ethylene and propylene have no structural isomers but butene has isomerism. Butene possesses both structural isomerism and geometrical isomerism.

15. Physical properties of alkene Existence : Lower members are colourless ( Ethene is with sweet smell and other alkenes are odourless ). Melting Point : - Alkenes have higher melting point than alkanes because π e - cloud will be more polarized. If we compare melting point of Cis and Trans then, Trans possess high melting point then Cis because Trans have symmetrical structure so, they fit better in lattice . Solubility : - Alkenes have greater solubility then alkanes. Solubility increase with increase in C atoms. Lower members are sparingly soluble but soluble in organic solvents like Benzene, ether, Carbon tetra chloride etc .

16. Cont.. Boiling Point : They show regular graduation . o With increase in Carbon atoms, Vander wall force increases so, boiling point also increases . o Boiling point decreases with increase in branching. As surface area reduces vander wall force decreases, therefore boiling point also decrease. o Out of cis and trans, trans has low boiling point and cis possess high boiling point due to polarity.

17. Methods of preparation 1) By dehydration of alcohols 2) By dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides

18. Cont … 3) By dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides 4) By controlled hydrogenation of alkynes

19. Chemical reaction of alkene 1) Addition of hydrogen 2) Addition of halogens

20. Cont.. 3) Addition of halogen acid s 4 ) Alkylation

21. Cont.. 5) Oxidation with cold KMnO 4 solution 6) Oxidation with hot KMnO 4 solution

22. alkene identification test B romine water test

23. Pharmaceutical application of alkene Alkenes are used as general anesthesia. ( isoflurane ) Derivatives of alkenes are used to treat acne and are used as antibiotics .( tetracyclines ) Alkenes and their derivatives are used for synthesis of alcohols.(ethane ) Propylene glycol which is alkene used as solvent in many pharmaceutic . Alkenes are used in iv injection. They are also used to form important industrial chemicals.( Propylene glycol )