Organic Chemistry Lesson-1-ALkanes, Nomenclature

Organic Chemistry Alkanes

1. Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the carbon atom

2. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. It is one of the major branches of chemistry.

3. Organic Chemistry The history of organic chemistry can be traced back to ancient times when medicine for human extracted from plants and animals to treat members of their tribes. In ancient era, it was produced willow bark which was used as a pain killer, ( willow bark contains acetylsalicylic acid, the ingredient in aspirin )- Organic Chemistry.

4. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800's by Jon Jacob Berzelius. He classified chemical compounds into two main groups: i . Organic : if they originated in living or once-living matter, and ii). Inorganic : if they came from "mineral" or non-living matter.

5. Organic Chemistry In 1828, Frederich Wöhler discovered that urea - an organic compound - could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).

6. Wöhler mixed silver cyanate and ammonium chloride to produce solid silver chloride and aqueous ammonium cyanate: He then separated the mixture by filtration and tried to purify the aqueous ammonium cyanate by evaporating the water.

7. TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compound : An  organic compound  is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Example:  carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (such as CO and CO 2 ), etc.

8. SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS carbonized organic matter: Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. Example: the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal. Fossil fuels from vegetable matter, coal to produce coke. the charcoal making process, etc.

9. SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2. Living organisms The chemical compounds of living things are known as  organic compounds  because of their association with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates , lipids , proteins , and nucleic acids

10. SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 3. Invention/Human ingenuity Antibiotics, aspirin, vanilla flavoring, and heart drugs are examples of substances that no longer have to be obtained directly from nature, they are manufactured in laboratories from organic starting materials. Each year over 250,000 new chemical compounds are discovered  and many of these are products of scientists' imaginations, exploration. Plastics are excellent examples of substances that are the product of invention - they are not found anywhere in nature.

11. Properties of typical organic and inorganic compound

12. Naturally-occurring Organic Compounds Name Of Organic Compounds Origin Usage Proteins Example : a) Enzymes b) Hormones From animals a) As a structural materials b) As a biological catalyst and regulators Fats and Oils Example : a) Triglyceride b) Paraffin Oils c) Almond Oils From animals and vegetables To store energy Vitamins Example : A, B Complex, C, D, E and K From food For healthy growth and functioning

13. Synthetic Organic Compounds Items Examples Usage Plastics Poly (ethene), Perspex. For packaging, plastic bags, as a substitute for glass. Medicines and Drugs Tranquilizer, Analgesic and Bactericide. To treat tropical diseases such as Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Illness and Malaria. Pesticides Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane ( DDT ) To kill houseflies and other insects. Dyes Methylene blue Give colour to the material.

14. CH3-CO-0-CH2-CH3

15. All the member of a particular homologous series have: Same general formula eg : C n H 2n+1 OH 2. Same functional group : same chemical reactions. Eg : all alcohols contain –OH group. 3. Each member differs from the next member by a constant –CH 2 . 4. As the molecular size increase, the boiling points increase . HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

16. Alkane Nomenclature

17. Functional Groups

18. R- a group that represents the rest of the compound

19. Cycloalkane Cycloalkene Cyclic Structures

20. The main difference is on the position of the carbonyl group: Aldehyde - Carbonyl group is at a terminal position Ketone - Carbonyl Group is at the middle of the compound

21. v

22. Amine Carboxylic Acid

23. Alcohol Arene Ether Carbonyl + Nitrogen = Amide Alkene

24. Nomenclature

25. Common Name: Ethyl Alcohol IUPAC Name: Ethanol

26. Naming of organic compound according to IUPAC system 1 Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain 2 Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain). 3 Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents the lowest numbers. When comparing a series of numbers, the series that is the "lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at the occasion of the first difference. If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest number to the one which will come first in the name. 4 If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given. In addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.). 5 If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order using the base name (ignore the prefixes). The only prefix which  is  used when putting the substituents in alphabetical order is  iso  as in isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and tert - are not used in determining alphabetical order except when compared with each other. 6 If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the choice goes in series to: A. the chain which has the greatest number of side chains. B. the chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers. C. the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain. D. the chain having the least branched side chains. 7 A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix  cyclo - which appears directly in front of the base name.

27. Heptane

28. Common IUPAC Name: 1-Pentene Preferred IUPAC Name: Pent-1-ene Common IUPAC Name: 2-Pentene Preferred IUPAC Name: Pent-2-ene

29. Common IUPAC Name : 2-Butanol Preferred IUPAC Name: Butan-2-ol

30. Propanoyl chloride

31. + Carbonyl Group Alcohol BUTANOIC ACID

32. Nomenclature: Substituents

33. # of Carbon Name 3-methylhexane

34. 2,5-dimethylheptane

35. h 4,5-dibromi-5-chloropentan-2-one