Organic Farming

This PPT gives a detailed information about
1.Introduction to Organic Farming
2.Review of Literature about Organic Farming
3.Materials & Methods used to establish an "Organic Kitchen Garden"
4.Implementation
5.Observation & Results
6.Conclusion

2. Project Contents
1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Review of Literature
4.Materials & Methods
5.Implementation
6.Observations & Results
7.Conclusion
Group members with Amaranth harvest

4. Every person requires food, water,
clothing & shelter to survive. Out of them,
water is the most important one and it is
followed by food. The main source of food
available to humans comes from the plants
and animals. The human civilization started
thousands of years ago as a result of settling
at one place, where the water source is
available to them in plenty & stated
cultivating the plants and rearing livestock
for their own use. The ancient man used to
live a healthy and long life due to their
lifestyle practices which included long
working hours in fields and eating good and
nutritious food. The days in which they lived
are free from chemical and synthetic
products.
Water
Food
Clothes
Shelter
Ancient Agriculture Practices

5. But now-a-days, the present day
lifestyle and food habits of modern man is
leading him to encounter with many forms of
harmful and deadly diseases which are leading
to short life spans and early deaths. This is
mainly caused by the food we take, which
contains large amounts of chemicals which are
getting accumulated into our bodies day-by-day
by the harmful process of Biomagnification.
The chemicals not only harm the man alone.
They also harm the air, soil, water, flora & fauna
which make their sustainability and survival
difficult. So, there must be an end for this
chemical living of life.

7. The only available solution for these
harmful effects caused by chemicals is to “GO
BACK TO THE BASICS” & learn from our
ancestors i.e., the chemical free practice of
growing foods, which is termed in modern
world as ORGANIC FARMING.

Our project contains details regarding
the Organic Farming practices and the huge
number of benefits linked to it in various forms
to the human health & environment.

9. Agriculture:
Agriculture is the science
and art of cultivating plants and
livestock. Agriculture was the
key development in the rise of
sedentary human civilization,
whereby farming of
domesticated species created
food that enabled people to
live.

10. Biodynamic Agriculture/Biodynamic Farming:
Method of farming that aims to treat
the farm as a living system which interacts the
environment, to build healthy, living soil and
to produce food that nourishes and vitalizes
and helps to develop man kind. The methods
are derived from the teachings of Rudolf
Steiner and subsequent practitioners. The
underlying principle of biodynamics is making
life -giving compost out of dead material. Rudolf Steiner

11. Biointensive Gardening/Mini-farming:
This production system that makes it
possible for one person to grow all of his or
her family's food using truly sustainable
methods that maintain the fertility of the
soil without relying on non-renewable
resources like petrochemicals or imported
organic matter. Important components
include double-dug, raised beds; intensive
planting; composting; companion planting;
and whole system synergy.

12. Organic Farming:
A system of farm design and
management to create an eco
system, which can achieve
sustainable productivity without
the use of artificial external inputs
such as chemical fertilizers and
pesticides.

13. A chemical fertilizer is defined as any
inorganic material of wholly or
partially synthetic origin that is added to the soil
to sustain plant growth. Chemical fertilizers are
produced synthetically from inorganic materials.
Since they are prepared from inorganic
materials artificially, they may have some
harmful acids, which stunt the growth
of microorganisms found in the soil helpful for
plant growth naturally. They’re rich in the three
essential nutrients needed for plant growth.
Some examples of chemical fertilizers
are ammonium sulphate, ammonium
phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea,
ammonium chloride and etc.
Chemical Fertilizer :

14. Organic fertilizers are substances that are
derived from the remains or by products of
organisms. Organic fertilizers depend upon the
microorganisms found in soil to break them down
and release the essential nutrients. Organic
nutrients are rich in phosphorous, nitrogen,
and potassium, but in unequal proportions.
Examples of organic fertilizers are cottonseed
meal, blood meal, fish emulsion,
and manure and sewage sludge. There are two types
of organic fertilizers: first is the synthetic type which
is organic compound produced artificially (e.g., Urea,
a common organic fertilizer; the other type is natural
organic fertilizers because 100% of the ingredients
used to create a typical natural organic fertilizer
come from nature (e.g., fish extract, seaweed and
manure, guano, and compost materials).
Organic fertilizers :

17. Sustainable Development:
Sustainable development is
the organizing principle for
meeting human development goals
while at the same time sustaining
the ability of natural systems to
provide the natural resources and
ecosystem services upon which the
economy and society depend.

18. Biomagnification, also
known as bioamplification or
biological magnification, is the
increasing concentration of a
substance, such as a toxic
chemical, in the tissues of tolerant
organisms at successively higher
levels in a food chain.
Biomagnification:

19. A garden tool is any one of many
tools made for gardens and gardening and
overlaps with the range of tools made for
agriculture & horticulture. Garden tools
help one undertake hard works with ease.
Gardening Tools:

20. Raised Garden Beds:
The soil is raised above the
surrounding soil(approximately six
inches to waist-high), is sometimes
enclosed by a frame generally made
of wood, rock, or concrete blocks,
and may be enriched with compost.


Pits & Holes:
Pits & holes are the
depressions made in the surface of
soil with a tool to plant seeds or
saplings.
Beds
Pits

21. Pest is a destructive insect
or other animal that attacks crops,
food, livestock, etc.
Pest:
A weed is a plant considered
undesirable in a particular situation,
"a plant in the wrong place". The
plants unwanted in human-
controlled settings, such as farm
fields, gardens, lawns, and parks are
the best examples for weeds.
Weed:

22. What is Organic Farming?
Organic farming system in India is not new and
is being followed from ancient time. It is a method of
farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating
the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep
the soil alive and in good health by use of organic
wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic
wastes) and other biological materials along with
beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release
nutrients to crops for increased sustainable
production in an eco friendly pollution free
environment.

23. As per the definition of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) study team on organic farming “Organic
farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of
synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed
additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop
rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste,
mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient
mobilization and plant protection”.

Food & Agriculture Organization(FAO) suggested that
“Organic agriculture is a unique production management system
which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including
biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is
accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical
methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs”.

24. Need of Organic Farming:
With the increase in population, our compulsion would
be not only to stabilize agricultural production but to
increase it further in sustainable manner. The scientists
have realized that the ‘Green Revolution’ with high input use
has reached a plateau and is now sustained with diminishing
return of falling dividends. Thus, a natural balance needs to
be maintained at all cost for existence of life and property.
The obvious choice for that would be more relevant in the
present era, when these agrochemicals which are produced
from fossil fuel and are not renewable and are diminishing
in availability. It may also cost heavily on our foreign
exchange in future.

25. The key characteristics of Organic Farming include:
1.Protecting the long term fertility of soils by maintaining organic matter
levels, encouraging soil biological activity, and careful mechanical intervention.
2.Providing crop nutrients indirectly using relatively insoluble nutrient
sources which are made available to the plant by the action of soil micro-
organisms.
3.Nitrogen self-sufficiency through the use of legumes and biological
nitrogen fixation, as well as effective recycling of organic materials including
crop residues and livestock manures.
4.Weed, disease and pest control relying primarily on crop rotations,
natural predators, diversity, organic manuring, resistant varieties and limited
(preferably minimal) thermal, biological and chemical intervention.
5.The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their
evolutionary adaptations, behavioural needs and animal welfare issues with
respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
6.Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider
environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.

27. Agriculture was practiced for
thousands of years without the use of artificial
chemicals. Artificial fertilizers were first
created during the mid-19th century.
These early fertilizers were cheap, powerful,
and easy to transport in bulk. Similar advances
occurred in chemical pesticides in the 1940s,
leading to the decade being referred to as the
'pesticide era'. These new agricultural
techniques, while beneficial in the short term,
had serious longer term side effects such
as soil compaction, erosion, and declines in
overall soil fertility, along with health concerns
about toxic chemicals entering the food
supply. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, soil
biology scientists began to seek ways to
remedy these side effects while still
maintaining higher production.

28. Biodynamic agriculture was the first
modern system of agriculture to focus
exclusively on organic methods. Its development
began in 1924 with a series of eight lectures on
agriculture given by Rudolf Steiner. These
lectures, the first known presentation of what
later came to be known as ”Organic
Agriculture”, were held in response to a request
by farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions
and a deterioration in the health and quality of
crops and livestock resulting from the use of
chemical fertilizers. The one hundred eleven
attendees, less than half of whom were farmers,
came from six countries, primarily Germany and
Poland. The lectures were published in
November 1924; the first English translation
appeared in 1928 as ”The Agriculture Course”.
Rudolf Steiner

29. In 1921, Albert Howard and his wife
Gabrielle Howard, accomplished botanists,
founded an Institute of Plant Industry at
Indore to improve traditional farming
methods in India. Among other things, they
brought improved implements and improved
animal husbandry methods from their
scientific training; then by incorporating
aspects of the local traditional methods,
developed protocols for the rotation of
crops, erosion prevention techniques, and
the systematic use of composts and
manures. Stimulated by these experiences of
traditional farming, when Albert Howard
returned to Britain in the early 1930s, he
began to promulgate a system of natural
agriculture.
Albert Howard

30. In July 1939, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, the
author of the standard work on biodynamic
agriculture (Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening),
came to the UK at the invitation of Walter James,
4th Baron Northbourne as a presenter at
the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on
Biodynamic Farming at Northbourne's farm in
Kent. One of the chief purposes of the conference
was to bring together the proponents of various
approaches to organic agriculture in order that they
might cooperate within a larger movement. Howard
attended the conference, where he met Pfeiffer. In
the following year, Northbourne published his
manifesto of organic farming, Look to the Land, in
which he coined the term "organic farming." The
Betteshanger conference has been described as the
'missing link' between biodynamic agriculture and
other forms of organic farming.
Baron Northbourne
Ehrenfried Pfeiffer

31. In 1940 Howard published his ”An
Agricultural Testament”. In this book he adopted
Northbourne's terminology of “Organic
farming."Howard's work spread widely, and he
became known as the "father of organic farming"
for his work in applying scientific knowledge and
principles to various traditional and natural
methods. In the United States J.I. Rodale, who was
keenly interested both in Howard's ideas and in
biodynamics, founded in the 1940s both a working
organic farm for trials and experimentation, The
Rodale Institute, and the Rodale Press to teach and
advocate organic methods to the wider public.
These became important influences on the spread
of organic agriculture. Further work was done
by Lady Eve Balfour (the Haughley Experiment) in
the United Kingdom, and many others across the
world.
J.I. Rodale Lady Eve Balfour

32. The Haughley Experiment was the first comparison of organic farming and conventional
chemical-based farming,

started in 1939 by Lady Eve Balfour and Alice Debenham, on two adjoining farms
in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England.

It was based on an idea that farmers were over-reliant on fertilizers, that
livestock, crops and the soil should be treated as a whole system,and that "natural" farming produced food
which was in some way more wholesome than food produced with more intensive methods.

Lady Balfour
believed that mankind's future and human health were dependent on how the soil was treated, and ran the
experiment to generate scientific data that would support these beliefs.

Deborah Stinner, an entomologist, has written that by modern standards the Haughley experiment
was more of a "demonstration" than a true experiment because it lacked methodological rigour, and it is thus
not possible to draw any firm conclusions from its outputs.

Findings reported by the experiment included:
1.Levels of available minerals in the soil fluctuate according to the season, maximum levels coinciding with the
time of maximum plant demand and these fluctuations were significantly greater in the organic plots.
2.Vegetative mineral levels remained as high or higher in the organic plots even without receiving the mineral
inputs that the conventional plots had.
3.Organic fed animals required from 12-15% less input of food, were healthier, and lived longer than their
conventional counterparts.
4.Increased yields.

In the early 1980s, properties of the three sections were measured and showed differences in
earthworm density, crop root depth, and soil properties including soil carbon, moisture and, surprisingly,
temperature.

33. Increasing environmental awareness in the
general population in modern times has transformed the
originally supply-driven organic movement to a demand-
driven one. Premium prices and some government
subsidies attracted farmers. In the developing world,
many producers farm according to traditional methods
that are comparable to organic farming, but not
certified, and that may not include the latest scientific
advancements in organic agriculture. In other cases,
farmers in the developing world have converted to
modern organic methods for economic reasons.

Organic agricultural methods are internationally
regulated and legally enforced by many nations, based
in large part on the standards set by the International
Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM),
an international umbrella organization for organic
farming organizations established in 1972.

34. Since 1990 the market for organic food and other products has grown
rapidly, reaching $63 billion worldwide in 2012. This demand has driven a
similar increase in organically managed farmland that grew from 2001 to 2011
at a compounding rate of 8.9% per annum. As of 2016, approximately
5,78,00,000 hectares (14,30,00,000 acres) worldwide were farmed
organically, representing approximately 1.2 percent of total world farmland.

36. Tools:
Materials
Organic farmers use a number of traditional farm tools to do farming.
Due to the goals of sustainability in organic farming, organic farmers try to
minimize their reliance on fossil fuels. In organic farms, tools are normally
constrained to hand tools and diesel powered water pumps.

37. Rake
Sickle
Crowbar
Spade
Hand Hoe Rope

38. Seeds & Seedlings:
•We have bought seeds from the local vendors. We
brought the seeds of leafy vegetables like Spinach,
Amaranth, Roselle, Kenaf & Fenugreek. We also brought
the seeds of ladies fingers, Browntop millets and foxtail
millets.
•We have broadcasted the seeds of Amaranth, Spinach,
Browntop millets and foxtail millets and sowed the seeds
of Roselle & Kenaf in line spacings of 1 inch thickness &
depth and covered them with soil. We have sown the
seeds of ladies fingers with 1 feet gap in pits. In each
pit, we sowed a minimum of 2 seeds.
•We have bought the seedlings of white brinjal, tomato,
lettuce, capsicum, green chilly, red cabbage, broccoli and
Chrysanthemum from a certified local nursery named
“Standard Plant Shop” in Vijayawada and transplanted
them into our beds at 2 feet gap between each seedling.
Seeds
Seedlings

39. Methods
"Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of
soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and
cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse
effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to
benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good
quality of life for all involved..."
— International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

40. Organic farming methods combine scientific knowledge of
ecology and modern technology with traditional farming practices based
on naturally occurring biological processes. Organic farming methods are
studied in the field of Agroecology. While conventional agriculture uses
synthetic pesticides and water-soluble synthetically purified fertilizers,
organic farmers are restricted by regulations to using natural pesticides
and fertilizers. An example of a natural pesticide is pyrethrin, which is
found naturally in the Chrysanthemum flower. The principal methods of
organic farming include crop rotation, green
manures and compost, biological pest control, and mechanical cultivation.
These measures use the natural environment to enhance agricultural
productivity: legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil, natural
insect predators are encouraged, crops are rotated to confuse pests and
renew soil, and natural materials such as potassium
bicarbonate and mulches are used to control disease
and weeds. Genetically modified seeds and animals are excluded.

41. While organic is fundamentally different from conventional because of
the use of carbon based fertilizers compared with highly soluble synthetic
based fertilizers and biological pest control instead of synthetic pesticides,
organic farming and large-scale conventional farming are not entirely mutually
exclusive. Many of the methods developed for organic agriculture have been
borrowed by more conventional agriculture. For example, Integrated Pest
Management is a multifaceted strategy that uses various organic methods of
pest control whenever possible, but in conventional farming could include
synthetic pesticides only as a last resort.


Crop diversity

Organic farming encourages Crop diversity. The science
of Agroecology has revealed the benefits of polyculture (multiple crops in the
same space), which is often employed in organic farming. Planting a variety
of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial insects, soil
microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health. Crop
diversity helps environments thrive and protects species from going extinct.

42. Soil management
Organic farming relies heavily on the natural breakdown of organic matter,
using techniques like green manure and composting, to replace nutrients taken from
the soil by previous crops. This biological process, driven by microorganisms such
as mycorrhiza, allows the natural production of nutrients in the soil throughout the
growing season, and has been referred to as feeding the soil to feed the
plant. Organic farming uses a variety of methods to improve soil fertility, including
crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and application of compost. By
reducing tillage, soil is not inverted and exposed to air; less carbon is lost to the
atmosphere resulting in more soil organic carbon. This has an added benefit of
carbon sequestration, which can reduce green house gases and help reverse climate
change.
Biological research into soil and soil organisms has proven beneficial to
organic farming. Varieties of bacteria and fungi break down chemicals, plant matter
and animal waste into productive soil nutrients. In turn, they produce benefits of
healthier yields and more productive soil for future crops. Fields with less or no
manure display significantly lower yields, due to decreased soil microbe community.
Increased manure improves biological activity, providing a healthier, more arable soil
system and higher yields.

43. Weed management
Organic weed management promotes weed suppression, rather than
weed elimination, by enhancing crop competition and phytotoxic effects on
weeds. Organic farmers integrate cultural, biological, mechanical, physical and
chemical tactics to manage weeds without synthetic herbicides.
Organic standards require rotation of annual crops,

meaning that a
single crop cannot be grown in the same location without a different, intervening
crop. Organic crop rotations frequently include weed-suppressive cover
crops and crops with dissimilar life cycles to discourage weeds associated with
a particular crop. Research is ongoing to develop organic methods to promote
the growth of natural microorganisms that suppress the growth or germination
of common weeds.
Other cultural practices used to enhance crop competitiveness and
reduce weed pressure include selection of competitive crop varieties, high-
density planting, tight row spacing, and late planting into warm soil to encourage
rapid crop germination.

44. Mechanical and physical weed control practices used on organic farms
can be broadly grouped as:
1.Tillage - Turning the soil between crops to incorporate crop residues and soil
amendments; remove existing weed growth and prepare a seedbed for planting;
turning soil after seeding to kill weeds, including cultivation of row crops;
2.Mowing and cutting - Removing top growth of weeds;
3.Flame weeding and thermal weeding - Using heat to kill weeds; and
4.Mulching - Blocking weed emergence with organic materials, plastic films,
or landscape fabric
Tillage Mowing Mulching Flame weeding

45. Controlling other organisms or Pests
Organisms aside from weeds that cause problems on organic farms
include arthropods (e.g., insects, mites), nematodes, fungi and bacteria.
Organic practices include, but are not limited to:
•Encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control pests by serving them
nursery plants and/or an alternative habitat, usually in a form of
a shelterbelt, hedgerow, or beetle bank;
•Encouraging beneficial microorganisms;
•Rotating crops to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest
reproduction cycles;
•Planting companion crops and pest-repelling plants that discourage or divert
pests;
•Using row covers to protect crops during pest migration periods;
•Using biologic pesticides and herbicides;
•Using stale seed beds to germinate and destroy weeds before planting;
•Using sanitation to remove pest habitat;
•Using insect traps to monitor and control insect populations; and
•Using physical barriers, such as row covers.

46. Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterial toxin) Pyrethrum (a Chrysanthemum extract)
Praying Mantis tends to eat pests Ladybugs eat a wide range of pests

48. We implemented the learnt concepts of “Organic Farming”
by establishing an “ORGANIC KITCHEN GARDEN” in our college
campus, where we adopted the different methods and practices of
Organic Farming & cultivated various vegetable plants in the plot.
Plot Area Title

49. 1.Preparing the area
2.Soil preparation
3.Landscaping & bed preparation
4.Fencing
5.Sowing seeds & planting sapling
6.Irrigation & weeding
7.Application of manures
8.Pest management
9.Harvesting

50. Plot before preparation
1.Preparing the Area

51. Plot before preparation
After weeding & clearing plastics Clearing plastics
Clearing weeds

52. Clearing stones, solid wastes and rocks in the area

53. 2.Soil Preparation
We cleared the area from stones, weeds and other solid wastes and mixed the already
available black soil with red soil to make the soil more fertile for cultivation.

54. After the Soil Preparation

55. 3.Bed Preparation & Landscaping
We have landscaped the plot into 4 raised beds with a path to walk in between. We also fenced
it for protection

56. 4.Fencing
We have gathered sticks from various places and fenced our plot to protect it .

57. 5.Sowing Seeds & Planting Saplings
We have dug pits to plant seelings. We have broadcasted & sowed seeds in lines.

58. Planting saplings in pits

59. Seedlings developed from seeds
Established sapling after transplantation Seedlings developed from seeds

60. Beds established with seedlings developed from seeds

61. An established bed after transplanting seedlings

62. 6. Irrigation & Weeding
The plants are watered every alternative day for proper growth.

63. The weeds are removed by handpicking to avoid competition for nutrients

64. Weeding practice in plot

65. 7. Application of Manures
Vermicompost Neem cake
Dried natural wastes Egg shells
All these are mixed in the soil properly to make it fertile and nutrient rich for the plants to grow.

66. Ash powder Turmeric powder
Coco peat Cow urine

67. Castor seed cake Tobacco leaf powder

68. Pongamia seed cake Bone powder

69. 8. Pest Management
Caterpillars
We observed the following pests in our plot.

70. Caterpillars
Aphids Caterpillar

71. 3G Solution Sprayer & Measuring Jar
We used the following practices to control pests.

72. Spraying of 3G Solution on plants

73. 3G solution is a potent pest control solution which is the
combination of GINGER, GARLIC & GREEN CHILLIES solutions taken
in equal proportions, prepared by grinding & filtering it into a
bottle.

For every 1 liter of Water – 75 ml of 3G solution is mixed &
Sprayed onto the plants. The strong aroma drives out the Pests.
1. Neem cake, castor cake, tobacco powder, pongamia seed cake,
ash & turmeric powder, cow urine also act as pest controllers.
2. Chrysanthemum plants are intercropped, which act as pest
repellents.
3. The pests & their eggs are removed from plants & are killed by
burning or by stamping with feet.

74. 9. Harvesting
After maturation of the crop. The crop is harvested.
Matured Amaranth Crop Harvesting Amaranth Crop

75. Matured Capsicum Capsicum Crop

76. Matured Lettuce Crop Matured Roselle Crop

77. Tomato Fruits(Immature) Purple Cabbage(Immature)
White Brinjal(Egg Plant)
Matured Spinach crop

79. We have followed all the necessary practices of Organic Farming and
Established an “Organic Kitchen Garden” & cultivated the following crops:
1.Amaranthus viridis – Amaranth – Thotakura
2.Capsicum annuum – Capsicum – Bengaluru Mirapa
3.Capsicum annuum – Green Chillies – Pacchi Mirchi
4.Solanum lycopersicum – Tomato – Tamata / Ramamulakaya
5.Solanum melongena – Brinjal / Egg Plant – Vankaya (Telupu)
6.Spinacia oleracea – Spinach – Paalakura
7.Abelmoschus esculentus – Okra / Ladies fingers – Bendakayalu
8.Hibiscus cannabinus / Hibiscus sabdariffa – Roselle / Kenaf –
Gongura
9.Trigonella foenum-graecum – Fenugreek – Menthikura
10.Setaria italica & Urochloa ramosa – Foxtail & BrownTop Millets –
Korralu & Andukorralu
11.Lactuca sativa – Lettuce – Lettuce
12.Brassica oleracea – Purple / Red Cabbage – Neeli / Erra Cabbage

80. Tomato Amaranth

81. Capsicum Brinjal

82. Lettuce Green Chilly

83. Roselle & Kenaf Fenugreek

84. Okra / Ladies fingers Spinach

85. Purple Cabbage

86. We have observed & experienced the following major aspects in
our Project Work:
1.At first, the weeds are dominating the plot. After a lot of weeding
practices, we are able to control them. Even though they are not
eradicated completely, a regular weeding practice is done to control them.
2.The soil present there is clay-black soil with high moisture content and no
porosity and it has high number of tile pieces, stones, rocks, glass pieces
and plastics as it is one of the dumping area of wastes.
3.We tried to remove the solid wastes from the plot to the best of our
energies and brought Red soil from other area to make the beds porous
and elevated.
4.We landscaped the plot in such-a-way as to cover and take care of every
plant and walk freely in it. We even placed a scare crow in the plot.
5.We have fenced the plot to keep it protected from predators.
6.The organic manures used in plot take more time to be absorbed by the
soil, as it is a natural process.
7.The Spinach & Amaranth is harvested for two times in 15 days intervals.

87. 8.The Organic cultivation is a slow when compared to the conventional
practices of cultivation as the results take time to express.
9. The Spinach & Okra crops are removed completely due to higher pest
invasions and Millets & Fenugreek are planted in Crop rotation.
10.The pests are generally Caterpillars and Aphids, which are killed whenever
found in the plot to control them.
11.We intercropped Chrysanthemum plants to repel pests to a certain extent.
12.During the Pethay Cyclone, we were horribly effected due to heavy rains,
during which our plot is submerged for more than 2 weeks killing almost all
the plants. It reminded us the loss & heartache caused to the farmers who
cultivate hectares of lands. “It takes a minute to throw food. But, it takes
months to grow them.” Please don’t waste food.
13.We rebuilt the plot after the water drained completely.
14.We watered the plot for every two days as the soil already has high
amounts of moisture in it.
15.Pesticides are sprayed once in a week along with essential manures for
the proper growth of the plants. They provided a good support for the
growth of the plants.

88. Plot submerged with rain water during Pethay Cyclone

89. Re-established plot after the water drained.

90. Plot in recent days

92. We as a team worked together to establish and complete the Project
Work entitled “Organic Farming” successfully.

93. The Advantages & Disadvantages of Organic Farming are:

Advantages
1.It creates higher natural levels of resistance to pests and disease.
2.This farming process supports a healthier soil and supports pollinators.
3.There are no worries about genetically modified foods with organic
farms.
4.The working environment for organic farmers is healthier.
5.Organic farmers can often create their own fertilizers at their farming
location. Farmers can reduce their production costs because they do not
need to buy expensive chemicals and fertilizers.
6.It can be implemented in almost any geographic location or growing
season.
7.Organic farming allows for specialization opportunities.
8.More animals and plants can live in the same place in a natural way. This
is called biodiversity.
9.Pollution of ground water is stopped.
10.In the long term , organic farms save energy and protect
the environment.

94. Disadvantages
1.It requires more work to produce goods that are ready for sale.
2.Organic farmers must have specific knowledge about localized growing
systems.
3.Organic crops generally spoil faster.
4.Organic food is more expensive because farmers do not get as much out
of their land as conventional farmers do. Organic products may cost up
to 40% more.
5.Production costs are higher because farmers need more workers .
6.Marketing and distribution is not efficient because organic food is
produced in smaller amounts.
7.Organic farming cannot produce enough food that the world’s
population needs to survive. This could lead to starvation in countries
that produce enough food today. According to the latest data, the
current area under organic cultivation is still 1.2 per cent of the total
agriculture land of the world.

95. Present World trends in Organic Agriculture
India has the largest number of organic producers in the world,
according to the ”World of Organic Agriculture Report 2018” published in
February. With 8,35,000 certified organic producers, it is home to more than
30 per cent of total number of organic producers (2.7 million) in the world.
Uganda (210,352) and Mexico (210,000) are the second and third largest
organic producers. However, when it comes to area under certified organic
cultivation, India contributes only 2.59 per cent (1.5 million hectares) of the
total area (57.8 million hectares).China has around 50 per cent and India has
30 percent of total organic cultivable land in Asia.
The 19th edition of the World of Organic Agriculture report claimed
that organic agriculture area, and its products value has increased. The data
was collected from 178 countries by the research Institute of Organic
Agriculture known before as Forschungsinstitut für biologischen
Landbau (FiBL), the State of Sustainability Initiative (SSI), and International
Trade Center. The organic products worth $90 billion were sold globally in
2016. The USA, Germany and France enjoy the largest share of market in
organic produce.

96. Switzerland tops in per capita consumption of organic produce, followed
by Denmark and Sweden. Australia, according to the report, has largest organic
agriculture land (27.1 million hectares), followed by Argentina (3 million
hectares) and China (2.3 million hectares).

97. A surprise visit by Most Rev.Fr. P.S.Amalraj, S.J, Provincial, Andhra Pradesh Jesuit Province

98. Suggestions by Project Guide Dr. B.Siva Kumari in the working area

99. A group photo with Project Guide Dr. B.Siva Kumari in the working area

100. Suggestions by Dr. P.Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer in Botany, in the working area

101. A Group photo with Dr. P. Srinivasa Rao in the working area

102. Suggestions by Mr. Thomas, Lecturer in Chemistry, in the working area

103. We Specially thank………….!!

•The Almighty God for blessing us to make this project a great success.

•Our Project Guide Dr.B.Siva Kumari for sparing her valuable time for us by
personally guiding us in all the way possible to complete this project.

•Our Parents for supporting us morally & financially in making this project a
grand one.

•Our college management & staff for providing us with all the necessary tools
and permissions to do this project.

•Specially thank Mr.Joji, Mr.Ramana & Mr.Desiah for supporting us in
everyway possible to complete this project with ease.

•Also thank our friends & well-wishers for supporting us with the project.

•It is a great experience in our lives and we thank everyone who are involved in
this project & for spending their valuable time & energy to make this project a
grand success.


Mistakes are inevitable. We are sorry for any mistakes committed either with spellings
or grammar and also any mistakes done by our words during the presentation.